Académique Documents
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EN.NO:-130070109008
SUBJECT:-E.E.E
TOPIC NAME:BATTERIES
SUB. TEACHER:-G.K SHARMA SIR
CONTENTS
Electric Cell & How the cell is
formed
E.M.F. developed in a Cell
Types of Cells
Important terms of a Cell
Grouping of Cells
Examples
CONTENTS
Battery
Lead- Acid Battery
Construction of lead-acid battery
Working principles of lead-acid battery
Chemical action during discharging
Chemical action during charging
Charge indicators
Hydrometer
CONTENTS
Charging of lead-acid battery
Care and maintenance of lead-acid battery
Applications of lead-acid battery
Nickel- Iron Cell
Advantages & disadvantages of Nickel-Iron
Cell
Nickel-Cadmium Cell
Advantages & disadvantages
Silver Oxide Cell
Solar Cell
What is a Cell ?
A cell is a source of electrical energy
ELECTRIC CELL
Forming of a cell
An electric cell consists of the following :
1.Two metal plates (electrodes) of
different materials. So that different
potentials are build up when chemical
action takes place on them.
2.A suitable solution (electrolyte) such
as acid or salt solution. The solution
must be capable to react chemically
with two electrodes.
TYPES OF CELLS
Electric cells may be of two types
1.Primary cells :
The cell in which chemical
action is not reversible are called as primary
cells. e.g. voltaic cell, denial cell, dry cell etc.
In this type,
during discharging one of
the plate is
consumed which can not
recovered by reversing the direction of flow
of current. In this case cell is not recharged.
Thus chemical action is not reversible. So
primary cells are expansive source of energy.
TYPES OF CELLS
2. Secondary
Grouping of Cells
A single cell can supply a very small
current at low voltage. Generally, to
operate electrical and electronic
circuits, a large current at high
voltage is required. Therefore, a
number of cells are connected in :
1.Series grouping
2.Parallel grouping
3.Series- parallel grouping
What is a Battery ?
A series, parallel or series-parallel grouping of
cells is called a battery.
Generally, a cell can deliver a small current at
low voltage.
If higher voltage is required- a battery containing
number of cells connected in series.
If higher current is required a battery
containing number of cells connected in parallel.
If large current at high voltage is required- a
battery containing number of cells in series and
further connected in parallel.
Usually a no. of cells connected in series placed in
single container is called a battery.
CONTAINER
It is the outer body of the battery. It is
made of hard rubber or plastic material
and is sealed at the top to prevent
spilling of the electrolyte. A large space
is left at the bottom of the container so
that the sediment that drops from the
plate are collected here and may not
short circuit the positive and negative
plates.
PLATES
Generally, alloy of lead sheets covered
with lead peroxide are used as
electrodes. To increase the capacity of
the battery a large numbers of plates
in each cell is used. The numbers of
positive and negative plates (i.e.
11,13, 15 or 17) of each cell are
alternatively placed and sandwiched
with an insulator called separator. A
separate compartment is provided for
each cell in the battery container.
SEPARATOR
To reduce the internal resistance of
the cell and to save the space, the
plates are placed very close to each
other. To prevent touching of plates
with each other, they are separated
by a rubber sheet having large
number of small holes called
separator.
ELECTROLYTE
BATTERY COVER
CELL TERMINALS
CAPACITY OF A BATTERY
The quantity of electricity which a
battery can deliver during single
discharge until its terminal voltage
falls to 1.8 V per cell is called the
capacity of a battery.
The capacity of battery or cell is
expressed in ampere-hours and
denoted by AH.
CHARGE INDICATION
A fully charged battery has a specific
gravity of 1.28. However when it falls to
1.15, the battery is fully discharged. To get
good life of battery keep the specific
gravity more than 1.18.
Specific gravity
Condition
1.280 to 1.290 100 % charged
1.230 to 1.250 75 % charged
1.190 to 1.200 50 % charged
1.150 to 1.160 25 % charged
Below 1.130
Fully discharged
HYDROMETER
To check the specific gravity of sulphuric acid ,
an instrument called hydrometer is used.
Which works on Archmedeies principle.
However the state of battery can be checked
by checking :
1.Voltage : When the terminal voltage is 2.1 to
2.5 V per cell, the battery is fully charged. But
when it become 1.8 V per cell, the battery is
fully discharged.
2.Colors of plates : When battery is fully charged
, the anode is of chocolate color and cathode is
of grey color. When battery is fully discharged
the color of both plates is whitish.