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Plant Basics

What Exactly are Plants?

*Nonvascular
Plants*
Includes phyla
Bryophyta,
Hepatophyta, and
Anthocerophyta

n**
iioon
t
t
a
a
z
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n
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O
**O
Plants:
a
living
organism of the kind exemplified
byptrees,
These
tthhee
lants lack
n
n
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e
e
r
r
a
a
s
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t
t
ppllaann
A
Allllshrubs,
vascular tissue,
herbs,
ttaaee,, aanndd grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically
n
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and they dont
iss
aaee ia
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growing
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site,
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water
and
o
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produce seeds,
lar Plants*
u
c
s
2
2
a
1
1
*V
o
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inorganic
substances through
its
roots, and synthesizing
but rather spores.
m
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ophytausing
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ecaugreen
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se of their
e
e
y
nutrients
in
its
leaves
by
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ts
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chlorophyll.
d
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*Vascuddepigment
e
e
epp
referred to transport water
ssoo
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re
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p
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tla
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erms, which
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ylum e
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Includes ph
s
d
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r
r
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e
tthh
nonthese plants are
Pteridophyta
ean that they are
m
produce
y
generally very
e
th
d
n
This group does
a
g
n
ri
e
fow
an ovary
small.
indeed have
eds not closed in
se
and
vascular tissues,
hen it is mature),
w
is phyla is
th
d
n
(A
but they do not
ta
y
h
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o
Anth
ich
s.
d
e
se
ce
u
prod
Angiosperm, wh

Seed Plants
Most plants grow from seeds. These seed plants fall into
two groups, angiosperms and gymnosperms, as we have
learned already. Angiosperms are the fowering plants.
Their seeds develop inside a female reproductive part of
the fower, called the ovary, which usually ripens into a
protective fruit. Gymnosperms do not have fowers or
ovaries.
Seeds may be carried away from the parent plant by
wind, water, or animals. A seed is the first stage in the
life cycle of a plant. Protected inside the tough seed coat
is the baby plant, called an embryo. Food, which fuels
germination and growth, is either packed around the
embryo or stored in special seed leaves, called
cotyledons. Most seeds require damp, warm conditions in
order to sprout. During germination, the seed absorbs
water and the embryo starts to use its food store. A
young root, or radicle, begins to grow downward. Then a
young shoot, or plumule, grows upward. This develops
into the stem and produces leaves. The first leaves,
called seed leaves or cotyledons, fuel the early growth
until the plants true leaves appear.

Picture of a C
o rn
Seed

The Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm: seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and
conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary
n**
tioon
uccti
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pro
*R
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te
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hyte

op
orop
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eenn sp
gree
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ms,
erm
sper
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In
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andd
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ng m
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ness co
cone
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rate
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herr ce
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ophy
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oidd m
ploi
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ur ha
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rm th
form
to fo
dess to
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ress di
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egas
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th
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mal
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te.. Th
hyte
ophy
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mal
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fem
ne,,
cone
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mal
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thee fe
on th
ndss on
land
te la
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ophy
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rm
rm
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eett th
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elss to
avel
trav
ce
cellll tr
lls
cells
m ce
erm
sper
twoo sp
th
thee tw
of
of
e
e
On
On
.
.
te
te
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hy
op
op
et
et
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ga
gam
ith
with
sess w
fuse
cellll fu
tivee ce
rativ
nera
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thee ge
by th
ed by
ased
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re
rele
at
that
te th
gote
zygo
oidd zy
ploi
dipl
ingg aa di
rmin
form
g, fo
egg,
th
thee eg
yo..
bryo
embr
thee em
rm th
form
to fo
dess to
vide
di
divi

*Life
*Life Cycle*
Cycle*
They
They have
have male
male and
and female
female
reproductive
reproductive organs
organs mostly
mostly
in
in the
the form
form of
of cones.
cones. Their
Their
microsporophylls
microsporophylls release
release
pollen
pollen into
into the
the air
air to
to make
make
available
available to
to the
the ovule,
ovule, in
in
the
the megasporophylls
megasporophylls
causing
causing fertilization.
fertilization. Their
Their
seeds
seeds develop
develop without
without aa
protective
protective covering
covering of
of
ovary
ovary wall.
wall.

The Angiosperms
Angiosperms: Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms
and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by characteristics including
fowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain
the seeds.

le**
Cyyccle
ifee C
L
Lif
d
d
n
n
a
a
n
n
o
o
ti
ti
c
c
u
u
d
d
ro
ro
p
p
e
e
*R
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oidd
ploi
dipl
s, di
ers,
ther
anth
thee an
s,
s, th

rt
part
alee pa
mal
s m
ers
wer
fow
thee fo
In
In th
thee
In th
is.. In
osis
eios
mei
rgoo m
derg
unde
um un
gium
angi
oran
spor
rosp
icro
m
mic
oess
rgoe
derg
unde
st un
cyst
rocy
poro
aspo
egas
m
meg
e
e
th
th
,
,
es
es
ul
ul
ov
ov
s
s
er
er
w
w
fo
fo
extt
Nex
s. N
res.
pore
aspo
eg
egas
m
m
ur
ur
fo
fo
g
g
tin
tin
ea
ea
cr
cr
is
is
os
eios
m
mei
to
elss to
avel
trav
ainn tr
grai
llenn gr
po
polle
e
e
Th
Th
.
.
rs
rs
cu
cu
oc
oc
n
n
tio
tio
na
llina
po
polli
herr
othe
or ot
ctss or
sect
inse
d, in
ind,
win
viaa w
maa vi
igm
stig
th
thee st
it
maa it
igm
stig
thee st
on th
ce
ce on
On
On
s.
s.
ce
ce
vi
vi
de
de
l
l
na
na
io
io
at
mat
orm
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ansf
tr
tran
Twoo
e. Tw
yle.
styl
thee st
wnn th
dow
be
be do
tu
tu
n
n
lle
lle
po
po
a
a
s
s
te
te
ra
ra
ne
ne
ge
ge
thee
to th
into
be in
tube
llenn tu
polle
ch
ch po
ea
ea
n
n
w
w
do
do
el
el
av
av
tr
tr
m
m
er
sp
sper
ucee
oduc
prod
to pr
eggg to
thee eg
ze
zess th
ili
ili
rt
rt
fe
fe
s
s
m
m
er
er
sp
sp
ne
ne
O
O
y.
ary.
ov
ovar
cellll
rall ce
ntra
cent
thee ce
zess th
ili
ilize
rt
rt
fe
fe
r
r
he
he
ot
ot
e
e
th
th
d
d
an
an
te
gote
zygo
aa zy
se
rise
ve ri
give
ill gi
will
te w
gote
zy
zygo
e
e
Th
Th
e.
e.
or
or
sp
sp
do
do
en
en
e
e
th
rm th
form
to
to fo
thee
ith th
with
ed w
osed
clos
encl
be en
ill
ill be
w
w
d
d
an
an
yo
yo
br
br
em
em
an
an
to
to
thee
vess th
give
oree gi
spor
dosp
endo
Th
Thee en
.
.
ed
ed
se
se
a
a
in
in
e
e
or
or
sp
sp
do
es
en
endo
does
ed do
seed
thee se
ncee th
Onc
e. O
ate.
in
inat
rm
rm
ge
ge
to
to
gy
gy
er
er
en
en
yo
yo
br
rn
em
embr
turn
ly tu
ally
tual
entu
even
ill ev
w
will

Stamen:
Stamen: pollen-producing
pollen-producing
reproductive
reproductive organ
organ of
of aa fower
fower
Pistils:
Pistils: the
the female
female organs
organs of
of aa
fower,
fower, comprising
comprising the
the stigma,
stigma,
style,
style, and
and ovary
ovary
Sepals:
Sepals: each
each of
of the
the parts
parts of
of the
the
calyx
calyx of
of aa fower,
fower, enclosing
enclosing the
the
petals
petals and
and typically
typically green
green and
and
leafike
leafike
Petals:
Petals: each
each of
of the
the segments
segments of
of the
the
corolla
corolla of
of aa fower,
fower, which
which are
are
modified
modified leaves
leaves and
and are
are typically
typically
colored
colored

The Structure of
a Flower

Works Cited
Biology 1 Chapter 13A The kingdom Plantae Packet
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity
_6.html
https://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/gymnosperms.htm
http://www.ck12.org/biology/Gymnosperm-Life-Cycle/lesson/Gymnosperm-Li
fe-Cycle/
http://
www.edu.pe.ca/kish/grassroots/biology/bio521/website/files/vascular%20li
fe%20cycles.pdf
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Angiosperm.html
*I just copied the links, since it would be a little move convenient to just
click on the link*