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PAUL BROCA
(1824-1880)
JAMES PAPEZ
(1883-1958)
NEUROANATOMY
Components
Limbic cortex
a) Cingulate Gyrus
b) Parahippo campal Gyrus
) Hippo campal formation
a) Dentate Gyrus
b) Hippo campus
c) Subicular complex
) Amygdala
) Septal area
) Hypothalamus
LIMBIC CORTEX
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Cingulum
Heavily connected to association cortices
Entorhinal cortex connections with hipocampus
Cingulate cortex
Located medial to corpus callosum
Has five layers of cells (distinct from neo-cortex)
Important influences on attention, response selection, &
emotion; part of neural pathway for memory (LeBar & Cabeza,
2006; Lezak, 2004)
Detects error and conflict during information processing
in conjunction with prefrontal cortex (Cohen et al., 2000)
Anterior cingulate receives projections from amygdala,
whereas posterior cingulate receives projections from
hippocampus (Lezak, 2004)
SEPTAL AREA
Gray matter structure
immediately above anterior commissure
Reciprocally connected with hippocampus , amygdala and
hypothalamus
Projects to brain stem
HIPPOCAMPUS
HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus
Subicular complex
C shaped appearance
3 layered structures outer molecular, intermediate
Cont.
Subicular complex transition region between
Amygdala
K. F. Burdachs
term
Amygdala
Large nuclear group in temporal lobe.
Afferents:
Olfactory tract
Solitary nucleus
Parabrachial nucleus
Limbic neocortex:
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Connected to hypothalamus.
motor
Hypothalamus Anatomy
Lines the walls of 3rd
HYPOTHALAMUS
3 ZONES
Supra optic , tuberal, and mammillary regions
Medial and lateral by fornix
Supra optic region SON, PVN, SCN, PRON.
Tuberal region ventromedial and arcuate nuclei
Mammillar region posterior nucleus and mammillary
body
Hypothalamic region
Lateral zone
Anterior
Preoptic nucleus
Lateral preoptic
nucleus
Preoptic
Medial preoptic
nucleus
Periventricular
nucleus
Supraoptic
Suprachiasmatic
Periventricular nuclei
Paraventricular
nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Middle
Posterior
Infundibular
Mamillary
Arcuate
Dorsomedial
Lateral tubular
Ventromedial
Lateral hypothalamic
Mamillary
Lateral hypothalamic
Posterior
hypothalamic
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
FUNCTIONS
Cingulate gyrus : autonomic function regulating heart rate
Functions
Emotional
brain
FUNCTIONAL
CIRCUITS
Intrinsic Connections
Classic Trisynaptic Pathway
1. Entorhinal cortex (perforant
path)
dentate gyrus granular cell
2. Granular cell axon (mossy fiber)
CA3 pyramidal cell
3. Pyramidal cell (Schaffer
collateral)
CA1 pyramidal cell
Dentate Gyrus
CA3
ERC
CA1
Subicular Complex
Afferent Connections
From
From Entorhinal
Entorhinal Cortex
Cortex
Alveolar
Alveolar Path
Path
from
from medial
medial part
part of
of EC
EC
to
to CA1
CA1 and
and Subiculum
Subiculum
Perforant
Perforant Path
Path
from
from lateral
lateral part
part of
of EC
EC
to
to CA1,
CA1, CA2,
CA2, CA3
CA3 and
and
Dentate
Dentate Gyrus
Gyrus
Efferent Connections
Fornix
- from pyramidal neurons of hippocampus & subiculum
- 1.2 million fibers in humans
Postcommissural Fornix main bundle
to Mammillary Body
Anterior Thalamus
Lateral Septal Nuclei
Hypothalamus
Midbrain Tegmentum
Association Cortices
[orbital/Temporal]
Hippo Campal
Formation
Fornix
Anterior Thalamus
Hypothalamus and
Septal Area
MTT
PapezCircuit
PapezCircuit
Entorhinal
alveolar path
EntorhinalCortex
Cortex
perforant path
(Area
(Area28)
28)
Hippocampal
Hippocampal
Formation
Formation
cingulum
Cingulate
Cingulate
Gyrus
Gyrus
fornix
thalamocortical
radiation
Mammillary
Mammillary
Body
Body
mammillothalamic tract
Anterior
Anterior
Thalamic
ThalamicNuclei
Nuclei
Circuits Of Amygdala
Prefrontal and
Temporal Association
Cortices
V
Amygdala
Medial Dorsal
Thalamus
S
V
Hypothalamus and
Septal Area
S=Stria Terminalis
V=Ventral Amygdalo Fugal Pathway
Circuits Of Amygdala
Prefrontal and Association Cortex
Medial Dorsel
Thalamus
Hippocampus and
Amygdala
Ventral Pallidum
Ventral Striatum
OFC
Amygdala
Anterior Temporal
Cortex
Hypothalamus: Integrative
Functions
The hypothalamus helps regulate five basic physiological needs:
Neural Input
Neural Output
Hormonal
Output
Controls the
autonomic
nervous system
(e.g. emotion)
Controls
release of
oxytocin for milk
lactaction
Hypothalamic
area/nucleus
Release of ADH
Paraventricular
Release of oxytocin
Pre optic
hyperthermia
Suprachiasmatic medial
hypothalamic area
Cessation of eating,
placidity
Voracious
eating,obesity,aggression
Voracious eating
Wt loss
Posterior HT area
Cutaneosvasoconstriction,
rage,piloerection
DI
Olfaction
Olfactory
Receptors
Axons of
olfactory
neurons
Entorhinal
Cortex
Olfactory
Bulb
(mitral &
tufted)
Piriform Cortex
(Primary
olfactory
cortex)
Amygdala
Sleep
PET and fMRI Limbic activity (REM)
Limbic system interweaves unconscious primal emotions
Fear
Stimulation of hypothalamus and amygdala
Amygdalar destruction abolishes fear and its autonomic and
endocrine responses
Amygdala fear learning
Viewing fearful faces activate the left amygdala
) Rage
Removal of the neocortex
Destruction of the VMHN and septal nuclei
Stimulation of an area extending through lateral hypothalamus
CA release
Sexual Behaviour
B/L lesions piriform cortex intensification of sexual
behaviour
B/L amygdaloid lesions hypersexuality
Stimulation of MFB and neighboring hypothalamic areas -
(female sheep)
Medial preoptic area of HT key for male sexual behaviour
Addiction
The pathway of motivated behaviour in addiction
PFC-Amygdala-Nac-VP-MDT
Amygdala Cue induced Relapse
Cues, stress, and a single dose of drug excitatory NT
Emotional Memory
Amygdala (PFC & MTL) Consolidation and retrieval of
emotional memories
Amygdala & hippocampus (PFC) Acquisition, extinction,
Social Cognition
) Social
Clinical implications
EPILEPSY
LIMBIC ENCEPHALITIS
is a para-neoplastic syndrome
mechanism of the disease not known
manifests as encephalitis involving
hippocampus,
amygdala, cingulate gyrus, insula, orbital-frontal cortex
afflicted patients develop sub acute onset of memory loss,
dementia, involuntary movements and ataxia
DEMENTIA
Korsakoffs syndrome
It is caused by damage to mamillary bodies,dorso medial
ANXIETY DISORDERS
SCHIZOPHRENIA
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
ADHD
AUTISM
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Results from bilateral destruction of amygdala.
Characteristics:
Heinrich Klver
(1897-1979)
Pathologies (lesions)
Voracious appetite
Increased (perverse) sexual activity
Docility:
Memory loss:
conclusion
LS plays a pivotal role in behavior
The intricate functional neuroanatomy of LS with its
THANK U
Connections
Connectionsof
ofthe
theAmygdala
Amygdala
Autism
Dysfunction of
amygdala
Mercury
Rising
Klver-Bucy
Klver-Bucy syndrome
syndrome
Monkey
Monkeyor
orcats
catswith
withbilateral
bilateraldamage
damageof
oftemporal
temporallobes
lobes
including
includingamygdala
amygdalaand
andhippocampal
hippocampalformation
formation
Fail
Failto
todisplay
displaynormal
normalfear
fearof
ofanxiety
anxiety(docility)
(docility)
--attempt
attemptto
topick
pickup
upsnakes
snakesand
andlighted
lightedmatches
matches
Regression
Regressionto
tooral
oralstage
stage
--put
putalmost
almostanything
anythinginto
intomouth
mouth
Marked
Markedincrease
increasein
inboth
boththe
theamount
amountand
anddiversity
diversityof
of
sexual
sexualactivity
activity
Ammons horn
(Cornu Ammonis)
Anorexia
Nervosa
Silent Attack
- little emotional
expression
- evoked by electric
stimulation of
perifornical nuc.
of hypothalamus
Sham Rage
- an affective attack
expression
- evoked by radio
stimulation of
medial hypothalamus
Because the cat does not
direct its attack toward any
target, we regard this as
just a fragment of a normal
attack (Delgado, 1981)