Human Biology

Oncology
Dr. Abdelmoneim Adam Mohamed

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Human Biology III Oncology I

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Introduction

Human Biology ?

comes from bios life and logos word (study of)

so it is the scientific study of life.
What is life?
What are the characteristics of life?
We have met Billy Hanson and the snake.
Are they both alive? Why?
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Radiobiology
Radiobiology is a branch of science which
combines the basic principles of physics and
biology and is concerned with the action of
ionizing radiation on biological tissues and living
organisms.
The study of basic radiobiological mechanisms
deals with biological effects produced by energy
absorption in small volumes corresponding to
single cells or parts of cells
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 All living entities are made up of

protoplasm, which consists if inorganic and
organic compounds dissolved or suspended
in water.

The smallest unit of protoplasm capable of

independent existence is the cell, the basic
microscopic unit of all living organisms
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HUMAN
A group of cells that together perform one
or more functions is referred to as tissue.
A group of tissues that together perform
one or more functions is called an organ.
A group of organs that perform one or more
functions is an organ system or an organism
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Cell
The two main constituents of a cell are the
cytoplasm and the nucleus:
Cytoplasm supports all metabolic functions
within a cell.
Nucleus contains the genetic information
(DNA
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Cells contain: Inorganic compounds

(water and minerals) Organic compounds
(proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
lipids)

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 Human cells are either somatic cells or

germ cells.
The germ cells are either a sperm or an egg,
all other human cells are called the somatic
cells

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Cell devision
Cells propagate through division: Division of
somatic cells is called mitosis and results in two
genetically identical daughter cells.
Division of germ cells is called meiosis and
involves two fissions of the nucleus giving rise to
four sex cells, each possessing half the number of
chromosomes of the original germ cell
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Cell division
When a somatic cell divides, two cells are
produced, each carrying a chromosome
complement identical to that of the original
cell.
The new cells themselves may undergo
further division, and the process continues
producing a large number of progeny.
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chromosome
A chromosome is a microscopic, threadlike part of
a cell that carries hereditary information in the
form of genes.
Every species has a characteristic number of
chromosomes; humans have 23 pairs (22 pairs are
non-sex chromosomes and 1 pair is sex
chromosome). A gene is a unit of heredity that
occupies a fixed position on a chromosome.
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Somatic cells
Somatic cells are classified as:
Stem cells, which exists to self-perpetuate and
produce cells for a differentiated cell population.
Transit cells, which are cells in movement to
another population.
Mature cells, which are fully differentiated and do
not exhibit mitotic activity.
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Biologically Speaking - Who

Are We?
What are the Characteristics of Life using
human beings? *
Humans are highly 1organized. (Cell
Theory)
Levels of organization . . . .
Organism is made of organ systems composed of
organs, composed of tissues, composed of cells.
(Transparency)
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Cell definition
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula,
meaning, a small room.
The descriptive name for the smallest living
biological structure was chosen by Robert Hooke
in a book he published in 1665 when he compared
the cork cells he saw through his microscope to
the small rooms monks lived in
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General principles
Each cell stores its own set of instructions for
carrying out each of these activities.
All cells have several different abilities
Reproduction by cell division: (binary fission/
mitosis or meiosis).
Use of enzymes and other proteins coded for
by DNA genes and made via messenger RNA
intermediates and ribosomes.
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 Metabolism, including taking in raw materials, building

cell components, converting energy, molecules and
releasing by-products.
The functioning of a cell depends upon its ability to extract
and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This
energy is released and then used in metabolic pathways.
Response to external and internal stimuli such as changes
in temperature, pH or levels of nutrients.
Cell contents are contained within a cell surface membrane
that is made from a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in
it.
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Cell
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living
organisms.
It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and
is often called the building bricks of life.
Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of
a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular.
(Humans have an estimated 100 trillion or 1014 cells; a typical cell
size is 10 m; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.) The largest
known cell is an unfertilized ostrich egg cell.[2]
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Cell theory
In 1835 before the final cell theory was developed, a Czech
Jan Evangelista Purkyn observed small "granules" while
looking at the plant tissue through a microscope.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob

Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are
composed of one or more cells.

All cells come from preexisting cells. Vital functions of an

organism occur within cells, and all cells contain the
hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions
and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

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Anatomy of cells
There are two types of cells:
eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells are usually independent,

while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular

organisms
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Prokaryotic cells
The prokaryote cell is simpler than a
eukaryote cell, lacking a nucleus and most
of the other organelles of eukaryotes.
There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria
this share a similar overall structure

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Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times the size of a
typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000
times greater in volume.
The major difference between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain
membrane-bound compartments in which specific
metabolic activities take place.
Most important among these is the presence of a
cell
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Subcellular components
All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic,
have a membrane that envelops the cell,
separates its interior from its environment,
regulates what moves in and out (selectively
permeable), and maintains the
electric potential of the cell.

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 Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm

takes up most of the cell volume. All cells
possess DNA, the hereditary material of
genes, and RNA, containing the information
necessary to build various proteins such as
enzymes, the cell's primary machinery.

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Genetic material
Two different kinds of genetic material exist:
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Most organisms use DNA for their long-term information
storage, but some viruses (e.g., retroviruses) have RNA as
their genetic material.

The biological information contained in an organism is

encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also used
for information transport (e.g., mRNA) and enzymatic
functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA) in organisms that use
DNA for the genetic code itself.
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 human cell has genetic material in the

nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the
mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome).
In humans the nuclear genome is divided
into 23 pairs of linear DNA molecules
called chromosomes. The mitochondrial
genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct
from the nuclear DNA.

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The Characteristics of Life

Humans acquire 2Materials and Energy.
Humans 3reproduce.
Humans 4grow and develop. . . . .
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood.

Humans stay just about the same

5Homeostasis
steady state , balanced state.
Humans 6respond to stimuli.
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 Life is a characteristic of organisms

that exhibit certain biological processes
such as chemical reactions or other
events that results in a transformation.
Living organisms are capable of
growth and reproduction, some can
communicate and many can adapt to
their environment through changes
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originating

Life and cell

Conventional definition: The consensus is that life is a
characteristic of organisms that exhibit all or most of the
following phenomena
Homeostasis: Regulation of the internal environment to
maintain a constant state; for example, electrolyte
concentration or sweating to reduce temperature.

Organization: Being structurally composed of one or more

cells.
Metabolism: Consumption of energy by converting chemicals
and energy into cellular components (anabolism) Growth:.
Adaptation:

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 the process of evolution and is determined by the organism's

heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances,
and external factors present.
Response to stimuli: A response can take many forms, from the
contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to
complex reactions involving all the senses of higher animals. A
response is often expressed by motion, for example, the leaves
of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism) and
chemotaxis.
Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms.
Reproduction can be the division of one cell to form two new
cells.
Usually the term is applied to the production of a new
individual (either asexually, from a single parent organism, or
sexually, from at least two differing parent organisms), although
strictly speaking it also describes the production of new cells in
the process of growth

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Finally
Life has an 7evolutionary history. . . . . . or
humans adapt or are a product of an
evolutionary process Theory (Principle) of Evolution.
Now, ALL the characteristics must be
present to be alive!
Now, lets look briefly at this Theory of
Evolution and why it is significant for us in
this class.

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Exchange, Transport and Reproduction

Digestion
Gas exchange
Photosynthesis
Heart and circulation
Adaptations of plants and animals to their environment
Reproduction in humans and flowering plants

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Evolution
What does the word mean?
Simply change.
Since the world around us changes, we know that
evolution occurs . . . Lee, me, you
Some believe that the first cells arose about 3.5 billion
years ago.
Classification of living things mirrors theorized
evolutionary relationships.
In the Classification System, there are 3 domains. . . . . . .
There are 5 kingdoms.

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Exchange, Transport and Reproduction in Humans

Digestion
Gas exchange
Heart and circulation
Human adaptations to
environment
Human reproduction and
development
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?
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Humans are Members of the

Biosphere or How Do We Fit In?
Humans are part of the biosphere and they are members of
ecosystems because they interact within their own
populations and within the larger community of
organisms.
To understand man and his environment, we must
understand some basic terms. . . . *
Biosphere?
That layer where life can exist around the earth.
Ecosystem?
Basic types of environments where life exists examples?
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Ecosystem

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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants,
animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area
functioning together with all of the non-living physical (
abiotic) factors of the environment.
An ecosystem is a completely independent unit of
interdependent organisms which share the same habitat.
Ecosystems usually form a number of food webs which
show the interdependence of the organisms within the
ecosystem.[
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Desert, savannah, tropical rain forest,

deciduous forest, evergreen forest, coral reef .

Community?
A group of organisms that live in the same
geographical area.
Population?
A group of organisms of the same species that
live in the same geographical area.
Biodiversity?
Human
III Ongeographical
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variety of life
in aBiology
particular

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 Tropical rain forest (land) , coral reef (water).

Humans are members of ecosystems.
Organisms exist in populations that interact
among themselves and the physical
environment.
Ecosystems are characterized by energy
flow and chemical cycling.
Driven by photosynthesis.
versus respiration.

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Terrestrial EcosystemPhoto-

synthesis
(light, to
put
together)
and
Respiration
(to make
energy)

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Human Threaten the Biosphere

Humans alter ecosystems to suit there own needs,
disregarding consequences.
Planets current biodiversity is estimated between 2 and
15 million identified species.
# of different species alive today is the highest it has
ever been! However . . .
as human populations increase in size, more ecosystems
are threatened and rates of extinction increase.
Biodiversity is rapidly declining.
we are in a biodiversity reduction crisis

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Loss of biodiversity threatens the stability of

the entire biosphere because . . . .
The degrees of interdependence of species
are not fully known!!!
Also, humans are dependent on other
species for food, clothing, medicines, and
various raw materials.
So ecosystem preservation is a crucial
bioethical issue.
Of special concern is destruction of tropical
rain forests around the globe. *

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Tropical Rain Forests:

Can We Live Without
Them?
From a past Ecology
Focus
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 Value of Tropical Rain Forests?

Destruction of the Forests?
Effects of Destruction?
Millions of yet discovered species of organisms
likely live in tropical rain forests.
Destruction of tropical rain forest results from
social, economic, and political pressures, and is
expected to alter world climate.
These forests can be preserved using sustained
yield 11/3/2000
techniques!!!!!!!
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Minirals in the body

The human body utilizes minerals for the
proper composition of bone and blood, and
maintenance of normal cell function.
Minerals function along with vitamins as
essential components in enzymes and
coenzymes.

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Minerals
The minerals are classified into two categories:
major and minor. This classification is determined
by the amount of the mineral needed by the body,
not by how essential it is to good health.

If a mineral is required at a level greater than 100

mg per day, it is considered to
be a major mineral.
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Major minerals

1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Sulfur
5. Sodium
6. Chloride
7. Magnesium
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Minor (also known as trace)

minerals
1. Zinc
2. Iron
3. Manganese
4. Copper
5. Boron
6. Silicon
7. Molybdenum
8. Vanadium
9. Chromium
10. Selenium
11. Iodine

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Thank you

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Human Biology III Oncology I