DISHED END MAKING

CONTENTS

Definition
Methods of SR
Terminology used in SR
Fuel used
Types of firing
Other Equipments used

DEFINITION

PWHT
PWHT is done to relieve the stress
generated in metal by tremendous heat input
during welding operation.
Therefore it is also called as
Stress Relieving

METHODS OF SR

METHODS OF PWHT
There are 2 ways of SR:
1. SR in a furnace (Furnace firing)
2. SR by using job as a furnace (Internal
firing)

FURNACE FIRING
In this method job is placed inside the
furnace.
Furnace is closed & burners are used to
increase the inside temperature of furnace
by this inside pressure also increases , using
air as a media heat is transferred to job this
leads to raise the job temperature inside
furnace.

Photograph showing Furnace

firing

INSIDE FIRING
This method is selected generally when job
cannot be placed under furnace due to any reason.
In this the whole job is insulated from outside
with specific thickness of insulating material.
Burners are used from outside to maintain the
inside & outside temp. of job this is measured on
recorders by thermocouples tacked inside &
outside the job.

Photograph showing internal

firing arrangement

TERMINOLOGY IN SR

PWHT CYCLE

Loading Temperature (max)

Rate of heating (max)
Soaking Temperature
Soaking Time
Rate of cooling (max)
Unloading Temperature
Variation in any 2 thermocouples not to exceed
_____/ hr during heating or cooling

LOADING TEMP
At this temperature the job should be loaded
in furnace I.e if the job is in furnace itself
then the temperature recorder must be put
on for recording & rate of heating is to be
maintained as per given heat treatment
request .
Always last in thermocouple is referred.

RATE OF HEATING
This is the rate of increase of temperature
inside the furnace to achieve soaking temp.
& to be maintained when the job is loaded
in furnace I.e after loading temperature is
achieved also called ROH , it is measured in
deg. cel / hr. Always maximum value is
given in request.

SOAKING TEMPERATURE
To relieve the stress job needs to be kept at
a particular temp. this is called soaking
temp. where job is soaked at this temp. for
specific period as per request.

SOAKING TIME
For stress relieving job is soaked at certain
temp. for certain time & this is called
soaking time to ensure stresses are relieved.

RATE OF COOLING
Temp. of job after keeping it in soaking
temp. has to be cooled at a certain rate &
this is to be maintained unless unloading
temp is achieved & this cooling rate is
called ROC & always max value is given in
request.

UNLOADING TEMP
The temperature at which job is taken out.
After this temp further cooling to ambient
temp is always mentioned in request.
Always last out thermocouple is referred.

TEMP. VARIATION
The variation in temp. between any 2
thermocouples during heating/cooling
should not be more than specified in request

FUEL

FUELS USED FOR SR

Fuel is only a source for heat generation.

Generally following fuels are used :
Furnace Oil
HSD (high speed diesel)
LDO (light diesel oil)
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
NG (natural gas)

Fuel technical data

S.No

Fuel

Calorific
value

FIRING METHODS

FIRING METHODS
GAS FIRED
OIL FIRED

GAS FIRED

Gas Burners with sensors

Control Panel with FFD
Blowers
PRV (Pr. Regulating valve)
Gas Header (Solenoid Connection)
Gas Hoses

OIL FIRED

Oil pumping unit

Oil Burner with sensor
Control panel with FFD
Combustion air blowers
Air compressor & air manifold
Oil Header with Solenoid
Oil hoses

OTHER EQUIPMENTS USED

TAU ( Thermocouple Attachment Unit )

Thermocouples
Compensating Cables
Temperature Recorders