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Family - Rubiaceae
Genus - Coffea
Species - arabica and canephora
Two Types of Coffee
About 90 Coffea spp in Africa
Amsterdam
Paris
1725
Martinique Yemen
arabica 1700
1690
canephora
1900 Java
1710
0.7 0.7
0.65
0.6 0.56
0.5
0.42
0.4 0.36
0.3
S. America
S. America
C. Amer
C. Amer
0.2
Africa
Africa
Asia
Asia
0.1
0
% Production MT/ha
1996 data from Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea. CABI Publishing.
Exocarp
– Red skin
Mesocarp
– Sweet pulp
Endocarp, hull
– Testa (silvery)
– Bean (embryo and
cotyledons)
Conclusion:
High input system - better with fertilizer
Low input system - not as essential
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Coffee Production
Training/Pruning objectives
– Maximize # plagiotrophic stems (fruiting
wood)
– Shape trees
Maximize use of space
Ease of management
– Maintain open tree to allow good light
penetration
– Minimize biennial bearing
– Remove diseased and dead wood
stem formation
Select several orthotropic
Caffeine Reduction
– Add water to beans
– Extract with
Methylene chloride and ethyl acetate
Residual solvent removed via low level
steam drying
– Caffeine can be recovered with
water extraction of organic solvent
Instant Coffee
– Extract soluble solids, volatile aroma and
flavor with water
Drying
– Drum drying - poor appearance
– Spray drying - loses flavor volatiles
– Freeze drying - best product
Best retention of flavor
Produces granules
No evaporation so no loss of flavor
Coffee oil for head space aroma