Power Quality, Harmonics and

Accuracy
April 2013

Agenda
What is Power Quality
Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards

What is Power Quality?

Definitions of the quality of the supplied voltage (what about the

current?)
Usually referred in negative contexts power quality problems
Measurement
IEC 61000-4-7 Voltage Flicker
IEC 61000-4-15 Harmonic Measurement
IEC 61000-4-30 Measurement Accuracy (Class A, Class S)
IEC 62052/3-11, 22, 23 Energy Accuracy (Class 0.2S, Class 0.5S)
Power Quality

BS:EN 50160:
In use worldwide, in favor of the utilities, voltage
only,
statistical standard
IEEE 519 and IEEE 1159: American standards, practical point of view
GOST 13019:
Russian standard, very comprehensive
G5/4:
British standard for Harmonics (also current)
Customized:
Allows the user to select the best of all, including
fault
recording, waveform capture and more

Power Quality Parameters

Frequency
Voltage Variations
Voltage Flicker
Voltage Dip

Power Quality Parameters

Interruptions

Temporary Overvoltag

Transients

Power Quality Parameters

Unbalance
Harmonics
Interharmonics

Harmonics

f ( x ) sin( x )

sin( 5 x )
f ( x)
5

sin( 5 x )
f ( x ) sin( x )
5

IEEE1159-EN50160 Levels
IEEE 1159
No Categories
.

EN50160
Typical
Spectral
Content

Typical
Duration

Typical
Voltage
Magnitude

Short Duration
Variations
Instantaneous
7

Sag

0.5-30 Cycles

0.1-0.9 pu

<1 sec

Swell

0.5-30 Cycles

1.1-1.8 pu

No

Interruption

0.5 Cycles-3s

<0.1 pu

<1 sec

10

Sag

30 Cycles-3s

0.1-0.9 pu

No

11

Swell

30 Cycles-3s

1.1-1.4 pu

No

Momentary
9

Temporary
12

Interruption

3 s-1 min

<0.1 pu

No

13

Sag

3 s-1 min

0.1-0.9 pu

No

14

Swell

3 s-1 min

1.1-1.2 pu

No

THD-Total Harmonic
Distortion
2

THD(V)

THD(I)

100 ( V 2 V 3 ..... V n )

100 (

2
2

I
I

(%)

.....

2
n

(%)

IN, VN Individual Harmonics of order N

TDD - Total Demand

Distortion

)TDD( I " . -

)(%

2
n

.....

2
3

max demand

( 100

TDD(I)

- I max. demand
15 30 .
%THD I "

.
IEEE .% TDD

K-Factor

K factor I
n

h1

2
h

Agenda
What is Power Quality
Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards

Should we Care about Power

Quality?
Comprehensive Research in Europe in 1400 sites at 8
countries reports that 20% experience the following:
Computer lockouts (20%)
Light flickering (22%)
Electronic card failures (18%)
Power Factor correction system failures (17%)
Failures in high load switching (16%)
Neutral conductor overheating (12%)
Unexpected breaker operation (11%)
Power meters inaccurate readings (6%)
And of course excess losses and downtime

Causes and Solutions

PQ Problem

Major Sources

Solutions

Frequency

The Utility

Voltage
variations

Load changing

Sync. loads,
Fast PF correction

Voltage flicker

Load changing, mainly

welding

Fast PF correction

Voltage dip

Motor and other load

startups

Motor starters, VFD,

Fast PF correction

Interruptions

The Utility

Overvoltage

Over PF compensation

Transients

Connections, Switching Controlled switches

Unbalance

Unbalanced loads,
transformer phase
shift

Balance the loads

Harmonics

Non linear loads,

resonance

Active/passive filtration,
detuned capacitors,
Improved VFD operation

Fast PF correction

Agenda
What is Power Quality
Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards

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Power Quality Analysis

ALL

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 Built in analysis to international power quality

standards such as EN50160, IEEE1159, G5/4 and

GOST
Automatic alerts for preventive maintenance
From simple compliance chart to sophisticated

expert analysis screens

EN 50160 Summary Report

List of Events

EN50160 Compliance Trends

ITI (CBEMA) Curve

Deep Analysis of a Dip

TDD at 22kV

High Individual Harmonics

Agenda
What is Power Quality
Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards

Full Scale (FS) vs. Reading

FS = Full Scale, error in percents from the maximum

rating
Example:
Meter with 0.5% FS accuracy connected to 1000A
transformer, the error is 5A. In 500A load the accuracy
is 1% (5/500)
Reading = Error from the measured value
In the above example, the 0.5% error will be also in low
load, which means 2.5A only

Accuracy vs. Standard

Various measurement conditions
Load
Harmonics
Power Factor
Frequency
and more
Various ambient conditions
Temperature
EMC (the device and the accuracy)
Humidity
and more
Tests by independent lab
Accuracy stability over time

(SATEC is approved for 8 years)

Power Factor and Cos

TPF

DPF
1 THD

2
i

DPF = Displacement Power Factor (Cos )

TPF = True Power Factor (incl. harmonics)

Conclusion practically there is no unity

Power Factor.

Meter Class 0.5 Accuracy

IEC 62053-11

CT Class 0.5 Accuracy

IEC 60044-1

Power Factor
Error of 45
minutes

1.00

0.92

0.50

0.015
%

0.52
%

1.14
%

System Accuracy
Power
Meter
0.8%

System
Accurac
y
1.58%

CT
0.75%

Phase
Shift
1.14%

U ( x y z) U 2 ( x) U 2 ( y) U 2 ( z)

Meter Class 0.5S Accuracy

IEC 62053-22

CT Class 0.5S Accuracy

IEC 60044-1

Power Factor
Error of 30
minutes

1.00

0.92

0.50

0.004%

0.34%

0.76%

System Accuracy
Power
Meter
0.6%

System
Accurac
y
1.09%

CT
0.5%

Phase
Shift
0.76%

HACS High Accuracy Current

Sensors

SATEC devices has

numerous amplitude and
phase calibration points

System Accuracy
Power
Meter
0.6%

System
Accurac
y 0.6%

CT Include
d

Phase
shift Include
d

Comparison

Class 0.5S

Class 0.5

Class 0.5S

with HACSes
(or direct connection)

Power Meter Accuracy

0.8

0.6

0.6

CT Accuracy

0.75

0.5

Included

Phase Shift

1.14

0.76

Included

System Accuracy

1.58

1.09

0.6

Accuracy is for Engineers,

Money is for Decision Makers
1000 kVA transformer
80% load
0.90 Power Factor
0.15 US$/kWh
The difference between

0.6% to 1.58% equals to

US$ 9,272 each year

IEC 62053-11 62053-2261000-4-30

Accuracy Standard Pyramid

Class A
Class S
Class 0.2S
Class 0.5S
Class 0.5
Class 1
Class 2
%Readings
Not included:
Class B meaningless
Class 0.1, 0.2 only for CTs

%FS (Full Scale)

No stated accuracy

Min. Acceptable

SATEC
Empowering the Smart Grid
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