NEED FOR TESTS ON

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
EACH AND EVERY PIECE OF EQUIPMENT IS TESTED IN THE
FACTORY BEFORE DESPATCHING TO THE SITE. PRECOMMISSIONING
TESTING AT SITE IS DONE TO PROVE THAT

1. TO ENSURE THAT EQUIPMENT WAS NOT SUBJECTED TO ANY

DAMAGE DURING TRANSPORTATION.

2. EACH EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN INSTALLED CORRECTLY.

3.EACH EQUIPMENT IS WORKING IN CO-ORDINATION WITH OTHER

EQUIPMENTS AS DESIRED.

4. ALL THE PROTECTION AND CONTROL SCHEMES ARE WORKING IN

ACCORDANCE WITH RELEVENT SPECIFICATION AND PROTECTION
REQUIREMENTS.

5. EACH EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN ADJUSTED PROPERLY IN ACCORDANCE

WITH SETTINGS.

6. THE INSTALLATION IS SAFE FOR PUTTING IN TO SERVICE.

7. THE PREIODICAL TESTING WILL ENSURE THE

AVAILABILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT FOR THE RELIABILITY OF
THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE.

8. THE TESTING OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEM FOR COMBINATION

OF CONTINGENCIES THAT CAUSE THE SYSTEM INSTABILITY AND
SEPARATION WILL EVOLVE THE DYNAMICS OF THE SYSTEM.

9. THIS WILL ALSO HELP IN UPDATING THE SYSTEM

DISASTER CONTROL MEASURES IMPLEMENTED.

10. FINALLY THIS WILL GIVE A RECOGNITION FOR THE

POSSIBILITY TO FACE THE UNFORSEEN MULTIPLE
CONTINGENCIES AND/OR NATURAL CALAMITY WHICH MAY
CAUSE THE COLLAPSE OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM

Sub Station Layout

q
q
a
s
df

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Power Transformer
Breakers (HV ,LV, Feeder)
Instrument Transformers (CT & PT )
Relays
Metering Instruments
Earthing Arrangements
DC Source


The following Tests are specified in
IS:2026 (Part I), specification for power
transformers, Part-I, General:


1. Measurement of winding resistance
2. Measurement of Voltage ratio
3. Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit
impedance (principal tapping)
4. Measurement of no load loss and current
5. Measurement of insulation resistance
6. Dielectric tests
7. Temperature rise test
8. Tests on ON-LOAD tap-changers, where
appropriate

BUSHING CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (HV &LV)

2. RATIO TEST
3. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
4. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
5. MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST
6. VECTOR GROUP CONFIRMATION TEST
7. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TEST
8. ON LOAD TAP CHANGER OPERATION CONTINUITY TEST
9. D.C.RESISTANCE TEST
10. BUCHOLZ RELAY TEST
11. THERMOMETER CALIBRATION
12. TRANSFORMER OIL TEST
13. INSULATION RESISTANCE VALUES
14. ANNOUNCIATION ALARM / TRIP VERIFICATION
15. TRANSFORMER RADIATOR VALVES OPEN CONDITION
1.

Results of Ratio Test of 110/11 Kv

Transformer
PRIMARY
VOLTS APPLIED

TAP
NO.

SECONDARY VOLTS OBTAINED

RY

YB

BR

ry

yb

br

rn

yn

bn

420

420

416

41.5

41.2

41.4

24.0

23.8

24.0

420

420

416

42.0

41.8

41.8

24.3

24.2

24.2

420

420

418

42.5

42.1

42.5

24.5

24.5

24.6

420

423

419

43.0

42.8

43.0

25.0

24.9

24.9

420

424

424

43.5

43.2

43.4

25.3

25.2

25.2

419

424

424

44.1

43.7

44.0

25.6

25.4

25.4

420

424

424

44.6

44.2

44.5

26.0

25.8

25.8

420

424

424

45.2

44.9

45.2

26.2

26.0

26.0

420

424

424

45.8

45.3

45.6

26.4

26.2

26.3

10

424

420

416

46.3

45.9

46.0

26.9

26.6

26.6

11

424

420

416

46.7

46.4

46.8

27.2

27.0

26.9

12

424

420

416

47.5

47.0

47.4

27.5

27.4

27.3

13

424

420

416

48.3

47.9

48.2

27.9

27.6

27.7

14

424

420

416

49.0

48.5

48.9

28.3

28.0

28.0

15

424

424

420

49.6

49.2

49.5

28.8

28.3

28.3

16

424

424

420

50.2

49.8

50.2

29.2

28.9

28.9

17

424

424

420

50.9

50.5

50.8

29.6

29.3

29.3

Results of Short Circuit Test

Tap

Neutral
Current
In AMPs
IN

Secondary Currents.
======================
Iy
Ib

IR

Primary current in Amps

IY

2.70

2.70

2.68

28.5

28.0

28.0

0.50

2.80

2.80

2.75

28.7

28.0

28.2

0.52

2.80

2.80

2.75

28.5

28.0

28.2

0.50

2.85

2.85

2.83

28.5

28.0

28.5

0.53

2.90

2.85

2.85

29.0

28.0

28.0

0.50

2.95

2.95

2.90

29.0

29.0

28.5

0.50

3.00

3.00

2.95

29.0

28.0

28.5

0.50

3.05

3.03

3.00

29.0

28.5

28.5

0.53

9(b)

3.05

3.05

3.05

29.0

28.0

28.5

0.50

10

3.10

3.10

3.10

29.0

28.0

28.5

0.53

11

3.13

3.13

3.10

28.8

28.0

28.5

0.50

12

3.18

3.18

3.20

28.5

28.0

28.5

0.53

13

3.22

3.20

3.20

28.5

28.0

28.5

0.49

14

3.25

3.25

3.22

28.5

27.5

28.0

0.52

15

3.30

3.25

3.25

28.5

27.5

28.0

0.47

16

3.30

3.30

3.30

28.0

27.5

28.0

0.52

17

3.40

3.40

3.40

28.0

27.5

28.0

0.47

IB

Ir

==================================================================

TAP NO. RY OHMS YB OHMS BR OHMS

========================================
=============================
1.
4.600
4.613
4.610
2
4.511
4.562
4.554
3
4.497
4.511
4.505
4
4.444
4.456
4.453
5
4.393
4.404
4.402
6
4.344
4.354
4.350
7
4.291
4.302
4.294
8
4.239
4.253
4.244
9(b)
4.185
4.192
4.192
10
4.239
4.250
4.243
11
4.290
4.303
4.295
12
4.341
4.360
4.345
13
4.391
4.411
4.397
14
4.441
4.461
4.448
15
4.492
4.511
4.499
16
4.546
4.561
4.551
17
4.596
4.610
4.604
=

====================================================================
=

Tap
No.

Primary volts applied

Magnetizing current in milli amps
-------------------------------------------------------------------VRY
VYB
VBR
IR
IY
IB
===============================================================
1.
396
401.4
400.7
2.87
2.92
3.44
2.
2.88
2.92
3.44
3.
2.88
2.92
3.44
4.
2.87
2.92
3.42
5.
2.87
2.94
3.41
6.
2.87
2.94
3.38
7.
2.87
2.92
3.38
8.
2.87
2.92
3.38
9.
2.88
2.92
3.38
10.
2.88
2.94
3.36
11.
2.87
2.93
3.34
12.
2.88
2.92
3.36
13.
2.88
2.93
3.32
14.
2.87
2.92
3.34
15.
2.88
2.93
3.32
16.
2.88
2.94
3.32
17.
2.87
2.94
3.32
===============================================================
=

Vector Group Testing (DY11)

110/11KV/6MVA Power Transformer, DY11,

Make : Volt Amp.
Date tested : 15-2-93
Supply given to LV side, HV kept open.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl. No.
Voltage applied
Voltage obtained
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.
2U-N: 228.4 V
2V-N: 174.0 V
2W-N: 53.8 V
2.
2V-N: 224.3 V
2U-N: 114.2 V
2W-N: 109.3 V
3.
2W-N: 223.4 V
2U-N: 55.3 V
2V-N: 169.7 V
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ratio of IR value at the end of Tenth minute

to the IR value at First minute
PI value around 1.5 is Good for Oil
immersed Windings
Winding/Oil Temperature to be noted when
IR reading is taken

The Dielectric strength (BDV) of the Oil

tested
Dissolved Gas Analysis Test conducted in
Lab and the parameters to be within the
tolerable limits as per IS:335

Sl No.

CHARACTERISTIC

PERMISSIBLE
LIMIT

1
2
3
4

Electric Strength (BDV) (KV)

50 / 40 (Min)
Water content
(PPM)
25 / 35 (Max)
Resistivity at 90 C
0.1* 10^12 -cm
Neutralization value
0.5 (Max)
( Total Acidity) (mgm.Koh/gm)
5
Flash point (*C)
125
(Min)
6
Interfacial Tension (Dynes/Cm)
15.0 (Min)
7
Dielectric Dissipation Factor
1.0 / 0.2 (Max)
(Tan delta) at 90 C
8
Sludge
Not Present
9
Dissolved Gas Analysis (Values in PPM)
Hydrogen Methane Ethane Ethylene Acetylene Carbon
dioxide

Key Features of ON-Line Monitoring

Automatic remotely managed degassing process
Degases oil sample by vacuum extraction process.
As per IEC 60567, ASTM D3612-96.
Measure and analyses Seven dissolved gases
with high accuracy
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Analysis using Gas chromatograph & embedded software.
Display Event/Trend based monitoring.
Alarms Programmable to mobile phones by
SMS or by emails.

OPERATIONS
GAS LEVELS MONITORING ONLINE DGA
No.

Alarm

Possible Causes

Hydrogen (H2)
Ethane (C2H6)

Partial Discharge & Corona.

Thermal Fault at low temperature.

Methane (CH4)

Thermal Fault at low temperature.

Ethylene (C2H4)

Overheating & Sparking.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Overheated Cellulose.

Carbon di oxide (CO2)

Insulation Paper deteriorating.

Acetylene (C2H2)

Arcing.

INDIVIDUAL GAS LEVELS CHART

TRANSFORMER LIFE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION

TOVYA TRANSCOM & TRANSGAS
Monitoring

Diagnostics

Life Management

POWER PARAMETERS ONLINE

Kw-Power
Voltage
Current
PF
Energy consumption.
OLTC Position/Oil level.
TEMPERATURE
MONITORING
Oil Temp Top oil,
Bottom Oil.
HV Winding Temp.
LV Winding Temp.
Cooling System Status.
MOISTURE
Moisture in oil
Online DGA - TransGas
Total Gas Analysis Gas
extraction as per IEC
Individual 'True' Gases C2H2, 2H6,C2H4,H2,CH4,
CO, CO2.

POWER PARAMETERS online.

Transformer life as per

IEC 60076

Real time loadability as per

IEC 60076
Winding Hot spot
temperature.
Ultimate Top oil
Temperature
Cooling system efficiency,
Fan Failure
Tan-Delta ( Bushing )
Internal threshold
monitoring.
MOISTURE
Moisture in paper.
Moisture in oil.
Water Activity
Online DGA - TransGas
Alarms on Gas levels
Fault Analysis - Key Gas
Method - ASTM D3612-96

Oil change suggestion.

Predictive Maintenance
suggestion
Energy discharge Low
and High.
Water activity and
Moisture removal alert.

MIN

MAX

Alarms & Possible causes SAMPLE.

GAS LEVELS MONITORING ONLINE DGA

Sl. No.

Alarm

Possible Causes

Hydrogen (H2)

Partial Discharge & Corona.

Ethane (C2H6)

Thermal Fault at low temperature.

Methane (CH4)

Thermal Fault at low temperature.

Ethylene (C2H4)

Overheating & Sparking.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Overheated Cellulose.

Carbon-di-oxide (CO2)

Insulation Paper deteriorating.

Acetylene (C2H2)

Arcing.

TRANSFORMER CASE STUDY

REACTING TO A FAILURE

1. Closing and opening time of contacts

2. Meggering of H.V. terminals, (a) To earth
individually (b) Between poles with breakers
open.
3. Meggering of A.C D.C. P.T. and C.T. circuits
individually and in between each of them.
4. Measuring the contract resistance.
5. Checking the interlocks.
6. Checking the minimum operating voltage
level of closing (80%) and trip coils (70%).

Permissible Contact Resistance for

New Breaker Below 100 Micro Ohms
Old Breaker - Below 200 Micro Ohms

1. Meggering of HV windings, secondary

windings
2. Measuring the resistance of secondary
winding
3. Polarity tests.
4. Ratio test.
5. Checking the earthing.
6. Checking the transfer schemes if more than
one P.T. are available.

1.Meggering between each secondary winding

2. Meggering of H.V.Points
3. Meggering between H.V. and Secondary
4. Measuring the D.C. resistance of secondary
5. Magnetising test up to knee point
6. Ratio test at rated primary current for all the
taps in secondary.
7. All the C.T. secondary circuits shall be earthed
at only one point, preferably nearer to C.T. end.

CT Magnetising
Characteristics

10% Increase in secondary voltage

SECON
DARY
VOLTA
GE

KNEE
POINT

50% Increase in exciting current

EXCITING CURRENT

CT Requirement
KNEE POINT

SECO
NDAR
Y
VOLTA
GE

Protective CT Characteristic

KNEE POINT

Metering CT Characteristic

EXCITING CURRENT

Tan Delta Measurement of

Insulators

Typical Tan Delta Values

Tan for Fresh eqpt

Tan for Old eqpt

Capacitance range

Power Capacitor

0.0002

As agreed up on between Mfr and 10 uF. 2000 uF

Purchaser

Power Cable (XLPE)

0.0005

0.01

Approx 250 pF/Mtr

Power Cable (PVC)

0.01

0.1

Approx 500 pF/Mtr

Insulating Oil (Capacitor)

< 0.0001

0.001

Insulating Oil (others)

0.0001

0.001

Insulating Board

0.01

0.05

Power Transformer

0.01

0.05

500 pF 5 nF

Bushing

0.003

0.01

200 pF 1500 pF

Rotating Machines

0.01

tan delta is considered

10 nF. 1 u F

Depends on Cell as per IEC250

BATTERY SYSTEM
STATION BATTERY :
110 KV SS : 30 V/110 V (PREDOMINANTLY 110 V, OLD SS 30 V)
230 KV SS : 220 V/110 V ( IMPORTANT SS 220 V)
( IN 230 KV SS REDUNDANT BATTERY SET IS ALSO MADE
AVAILABLE)
RATING : 100/200/300/400 AH 10 A RATING
TYPE

: LEAD ACID

CC BATTERY :
110 KV SS : VERY IMP. 110 KV GRID STN & IN ALL 230 KV SS :RATING : 48 V DC IN ALL CASE
CAPACITY : 200/400 AH 10 A RATING
TYPE
: LEAD ACID

Questions Please?

Thank You