Referencing literature

Literature ?
Your area of study ?

Using the literature ...

citing
referencing

Why Reference?
Citing and referencing source material is a
crucial aspect of academic writing.
You will probably be aware that plagiarism
(using someone elses work as though it
were your own) is a serious form of
academic misconduct and it must be
avoided at all costs.

Why Reference?
Referencing accurately and consistently is
an important part of ensuring the
distinction is clear between your words
and the words and ideas of others in your
assignments

WHAT IS A CITATION?
When you use another persons work in
your own work, either by referring to their
ideas,
or by including a direct quotation, you
must acknowledge this in the text of your
work.
This acknowledgement is called a citation.

In-text citation
is included in the body of your text and is
there to directly show the reader where an
idea, piece of information, and/ or a
quotation is from.

In-text citation
The reader will then be able to match the
source cited in the text to the full reference
given in your bibliography/ reference list
where full details of the publication are
presented.

cite the source

Include data from your reading (eg tables,
statistics, diagrams)
..Describe or discuss a theory, model or
practice from a particular writer

cite the source

..Want to add credibility to your argument
by bringing in the ideas of another writer
for or against
..Provide quotations or definitions in your
essay;
..Paraphrase or summarise information
which is not common knowledge.

QUOTATION STYLE
HARVARD STYLE
VANCOUVER STYLE

Literature type

Textbook
Journal
Research
Disertation / Thesis

When ?
academic writing

Using ...?
In academic writing it is essential
peoples ideas.
where you have got information
from

Where ?
Library
Internet

Literature Management
Organize information
Identify controversy
Develop questions for further research
Synthesize results a summary

Neutral reporting
Neutral introductions own opinions

In an article by Smith
Smith reports that
Smith concludes
Smiths opinion is that

Benefit ?
Focus
Credibility
Respectful
Original

2 ways of using the

literature
Directly from a source
By reporting another writer
has written

Quotations from sources...

Accurate
Completed
Conventional
writing :
Harvard
Vancouver

Referencing:
Referencing scholarly journal papers:
Author name(s), year of publication, full title of paper, name of
journal, volume, number, page numbers.
Referencing academic books:
Author name(s), year of publicaton, title of the book, publishing
company (name and geographical location)
Referencing one chapter in an edited book (collection of papers):
Author name(s), year of publication, full title of chapter, in:
editors name(s), title of the book, publishing company (name
and geographical location).
Referencing other works: popular press, mass media, computer
industry magazines,
Author/source, title, details on publication date and in which
media
Referencing Internet resources:
Author/source, title, date of publication (if it is there). Minimum:
include the URL and include a statement like File last accessed

Examples of the Harvard Style

Book (one author):
In-text: (Becker, 2007)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social
scientists: how to start and finish your
thesis, book, or article. 2nd edn. London:
The University of Chicago Press.

Book (two or three authors):

In-text: (Peck and Coyle, 2005)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Peck, J. and Coyle, M. (2005). The
students guide to writing. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.

Book (four or more authors):

In-text: (Moore et al., 2010)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Moore, S., Neville, C., Murphy, M., and
Connolly, C. (2010). The ultimate study
skills handbook. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.

OR:
Moore, S., et al. (2010). The ultimate
study skills handbook. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.

in an edited book:
In-text: (Dobel, 2005)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Dobel, J. P. (2005). Public management
as ethics. In E. Ferlie, L.E. Lynn Jr, and C.
Pollitt, (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of
public management. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp. 156-181.

Journal article:
In-text: (Selman, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Selman, P. (2012). The global decline of
intercountry adoption: what lies ahead?
Social Policy and Society, 11(03), 381397.

Journal article (electronic):

In-text: (Yuill, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Yuill, C. (2012). The North Laine: a visual
essay. Sociological Research Online,
17(1). [Online]. Available at:
http://www.socresonline.org.
uk/17/1/4.html [Accessed 12 April 2012].

Journal article (electronic):

In-text: (Yuill, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Yuill, C. (2012). The North Laine: a visual
essay. Sociological Research Online,
17(1). [Online]. Available at:
http://www.socresonline.org.
uk/17/1/4.html [Accessed 12 April 2012].

Newspaper article (with author):

In-text: (Brady and Dutta, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Brady, B. and Dutta, K. (2012). 45,000
caught cheating at Britains universities.
Independent on Sunday, 11 March 2012,
pp. 4-5.

Newspaper article (with no author):

In-text: (The Guardian, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
The Guardian. (2012). Editorial: French
elections. Bitter-sweet victory for the left,
23 April 2012, p. 26.

Website with author:

In-text: (Gillett, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Gillett, A. (2012). Writing a list of
references [Online]. Available at
http://www.uefap.com/ writing/writfram.htm
[Accessed 12 April 2012].

Website with no author:

In-text: (BBC, 2011)
Bibliography/ reference list:
BBC (2011). Working in nursing and care.
[Online]. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
skillswise/factsheet/jo09care-e3-f-workingin [Accessed 12 April 2012].

Secondary referencing:
In-text: Campell (1976) highlighted (as
cited in Becker, 2007, p.178)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social
scientists: how to start and finish your
thesis, book, or article. 2nd edn. London:
The University of Chicago Press.

Secondary referencing:
In-text: Campell (1976) highlighted (as
cited in Becker, 2007, p.178)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social
scientists: how to start and finish your
thesis, book, or article. 2nd edn. London:
The University of Chicago Press.

THE VANCOUVER STYLE

Citing one author
Recent research (1) indicates that the
number of duplicate papers being
published is increasing.
or
Recent research1 indicates that the
number of duplicate papers being
published is increasing.

Citing more than one piece of work at

the same time
Several studies (69, 13, 15) have
examined the effect of congestion
charging in urban areas.

Citing the authors name in your text

As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of
diabetes sufferers require perseverance
and an understanding of humanity (p.1).

Citing more than one authors name in

your text
Simons et al (3) state that the principle of
effective stress is imperfectly known and
understood by many practising engineers
(p.4).

Citing works by the same author

written in the same year
Communication of science in the media
has increasingly come under focus,
particularly where reporting of facts and
research is inaccurate (4, 5).

Citing from works with no obvious author

The Department of Health (6) advocates a
national strategy for creating a framework to
drive improvements in dementia services.
or
A national strategy is creating a framework to
drive improvements in dementia services (6).

Citing from chapters written by

different authors
Some books may contain chapters written
by different authors. When citing work
from such a book, the author who wrote
the chapter should be cited, not the editor
of the book.

Secondary referencing
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as
cited by Holding et al (7) most patients
given opiates do not become addicted to
such drugs.

Citing a direct quotation

If a direct quote from a book, article, etc.,
is used you must:
Use single quotation marks (double
quotation marks are usually used for
quoting direct speech)
State the page number

Citing an image / illustration / table /

diagram / photograph / figure / picture
Table illustrating checklist of information
for common sources (8: p.22).
or
Geological map of the easternmost region
of So Nicolau (9: p.532).

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE
LIST IN VANCOUVER STYLE
(1) Arrami M, Garner H. A tale of two
citations. Nature. 2008; 451(7177):397399.
(2) Watkins PJ. ABC of Diabetes. 5th ed.
London: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.
(3) Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A
Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London: Thomas Telford
Publishing; 2001.

(4) Goldacre B. Dore the medias

miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science.
Weblog. Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-t
he-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/#mor
e-705
[Accessed 19th June 2015].

(5) Goldacre B. Trivial Disputes. Bad

Science. Weblog. Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivialdisputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2015].

SEMOGA
BERMANFAAT