Conflict Resolution in Papua

(Review and Recommendation)

By: David Raja Marpaung S.IP, M.Han

David Raja Marpaung. Associate Lecture Univers

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Map

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Outline
 Background
◦ Papua at Glance
◦ Papua‘s Conflict Escalation

 Strategic Analysis
◦ PESTEL Analysis
◦ SWOT Analysis
◦ The Actors
◦ Policies Toward Papua
◦ Benefit management

 Generation of Alternatives
◦ Position, Interest and Needs

 Recommendations
◦

◦

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Papua at Glance

 Papua Island located in the eastern of

Indonesia. It is the biggest island with
various natural resources, such as
mining, oil, gas and other resources. The
island is also enriched by various kind of
species in plants and animals.

 Coverage area: 548.074 km2
 Population: 3.516.163 people •Topography of Papua is also various,
 Consist of various tribes and ethnic, i.e:
consist of valeys and mountains,
which one of the mountain
Aitinyo, Aefak, Asmat, Agast, Dani, (Jayawijaya) is the highest peak in
Ayamaru, Mandacan, Biak, Serui, and Indonesia (15.090 ft). This peak is
immigrants (Java, Makassar, etc); always covered by snow all the time.
 Religions: Protestan (50.95%), Catholic •The position of Papua which is located in
(16.56%), Islam (32.13%), Hindu Southern the Equator and the
(0.18%), Budha (0.1%), others (0.5%). topography of the island gives effect
 on diversity of its climate.
•

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Papua’s Conflict Escalation 2004: MOTW
Law 34/2004 about Indonesian
Arm Forces
1998-2000: 2001: Law of Section 7, Article 2 (b)
1969: Act of Reformation Nov 2001: Special mentioned about military
Free Choice and internal Theys Eluay Autonomy operation other than war
(Pepera) organising of murdered (MOTW), includes to defeat
OPM armed separatist movement
and to defeat armed rebel
1969–
movement
1998:low- War
medium Violence Ceasefire
intensity
conflict Polarization Agreement

Contradiction
Normalisation
Difference
Reconsiliation

We argued that there was no such a thing called as War ever happened in Papua since 1969.
What happened in Papua was segmented-but-influential violent conflict among Indonesian
security forces and Papuan militias.
What happen in Papua is a marginalization and broad dissatisfaction felt by Papuans, especially
the locals, toward central government.

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 Hourglass Model
1969: Act of
Conflict Formation Difference Free Choice
(Pepera) 1969–
Contradiction 1998:low-
1998-2000: medium
Reformation intensity
Conflict Settlement Polarisation and internal conflict
organising of Nov 2001:
OPM Theys Eluay
Violence
murdered
2001: Law of
Special
Conflict Containment War Autonomy

Ceasefire Separatist movement was suppressed

by central government. So the violent
Conflict Settlement conflict occurred in segmented-but-
Agreement
influential way. In this sense, we
argued that what GOI had done in
Normalisation Papua was a part of efforts to avoid
war.
Conflict Transformation Reconciliation

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PESTEL Analysis

•Details

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 SWOT Analysis
Strengths Weakness

Well established military territory and regional police “Nightmare” at the past, especially in military
•
•

command in Papua to support SSR program. operation.

•
Rich of natural resources, such as mineral and
•
Complex problems beside military issue, such as
forest, as capital for development. tribe war, HIV/AIDS, and poverty.
•
Dialogue program that already happen in several
•
Negative stereotype or bad image to immigrant,
years. especially from Java island.
Indonesia government gave Special Autonomy law Lack of infrastructure and geographic obstacles to
•
•

to Papua government and people. support development and SSR project.

•
Strong position of Free Papua Organisation
(Organisasi Papua Merdeka/OPM) established since
Opportunity Threat
1964.

•
International community support for SSR program in•
International or regional intervention about human
Papua. rights issues in Papua.
•
Strong culture organization that can be used to •
Dissatisfaction of peace program, between OPM and
reconciliation. particular military members.
•
Three big churches in Papua already initiate Papua •Unequal economic development, only concentrate in
as Zone of Peace. some area, such as Marauke, Jayapura, and Nabire.
•
Education system from junior school to university •
Environmental abuse, such as illegal logging and illegal
level to build public opinion about SSR program. mining.
•
President Instruction (Inpres) 1/2003 about the
establishment of new district units or provinces in
Papua (pemekaran).

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 The Actors

Uninvolved parties

Actively influential parties

Core parties
(2, 4, 7, 8)
(1, 3, 5) Marginal parties (6)

Embedded parties

1. Central government.
2. Local government.
3. The Papuans (local/indigenous peoples).
4. Migrant settlers.
5. Political and military organization, e.g. Free Papua Organization (OPM/Organisasi Papua Merdeka).
6. Private actors in resource sector, e.g. Freeport (US-based mining company).
7. Local and national NGO.
8. International actors: International NGO’s and donors.


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 Policies toward Papua
We explored several policies that has implemented significantly in Papua.
We divided them into 4 sectors. They are as follow:

•Military Approach
Indonesia government conducted a series of massive military operations since early 1960’s in Papua. At the beginning,
military operation conducted to liberate Irian from Dutch colonial, which was Operation Mandala/Trikora.
Furthermore, military operation was used to eliminate OPM.

•On Politics and Legal System

Creating new district unit or provinces (pemekaran)
Special Autonomy Law, greater authority was given to local natives and authorities
International diplomacy to counter OPM's diplomacy and to gain international support for Indonesia integrity
•
•On Socio-Cultural Sector
Transmigration flow from Java Island
Koteka Operation, the locals were encouraged to behave modernly

•On Economy Sector

Business contracts on mining and forestry, e.g. Freeport Indonesia Inc., US-based MNC, operated in mining sector.

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 Benefits Management
Evaluation Measures* Military Politic and Socio- Economy
Approach Legal Cultural

       
Strengthening cooperation and
coordination between Gov't institutions
       
Impact of Disbenefits
       
Improving public awareness of state
defence and politics
       
Impact of Disbenefits
       
Strengthening International diplomacy
       
Impact of Disbenefits
       
Strengthening the effectiveness of early
warning system and early conflict
prevention

       
Impact of Disbenefits
Legend Disbenefit
* The evaluation measures compiled from National High   High  
Development Planning Agency ( Badan Perencanaan
Pembangunan Nasional ( Bappenas ) Medium   Medium  
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Low   low  
 Benefits (cont’d.)
 Based on Benefits Management analysis, we argued that military approach is
only give low benefits for the actors in Papua.

 In our views, military approach will distract and disturb, (1) the process of
cooperation and coordination among government departments, (2) public
awareness of state defence and politics, (3) Indonesia’s image throughout
international community.

 Contrary with military approach, we figure out that politics-legal, social-
cultural, and economy approaches are much more beneficial.

 Because of that, we propose positions, interests, and needs model as our tool of
analysis to build and to improve the process of conflict resolution in Papua.

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 Positions, Interests, and Needs

Group A Group B

Positions

Interests
Shared
interests
and values

Shared needs and fears

Needs

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 Interests
Actors/Interests Government of Indonesia The Papuans
(GOI)
Politics • National integration •Independence

•At some extent GOI denied human rights •Justice, Human Rights Court for human rights

•abuses in Papua
sustainability for the Papuans •violator
Economy Economy Dissatisfied by the centralistic-approach of central
and migrant settlers government, the Papuans is eager to utilize the
••State revenues through Foreign Direct natural resources within and around Papua Island
Social Cultural modernization in Papua
•Investment
GOI was trying to modernize the Papuans •(economic sovereignty) by themselves
in Papua island
•Papua’s natural resources, such as mining, ••Better economic welfare for the locals
life style Keeping their local wisdom and values
•fisheries, forestry, etc.
To transform the hunters-gatherers •The Papuans ruled by the Papuans
society into modern and advanced society •Eliminating the social discrimination that directed
•To enhance greater constructive to the locals.
relationship among the Papuans and
migrant settlers

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 Needs

Actors/Needs Government of Indonesia The Papuans

(GOI)
Rights •Territorial integrity •

•National integrity based on UUD 1945 To achieve the rights of self determination
Culture (State Constitution)
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and(unity
Pancasila (five
of diversity) (Universal
The Declaration
Papuans doesn’t seeofthemselves
Human Rights)
as a part of
basic principles of Indonesia) Indonesian cultural and national identity
•Papua is part of Indonesia national Strong rejection toward New York Agreement, Act
History
territory of Free Choice, and integration process into
Background •GOI claims Act of Free Choice was a Indonesia
legitimate referendum

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 GOI
National integration
•Economy sustainability for the
Papuans and migrant settlers
•State revenues through
Foreign Direct Investment in
Papua Island
•Papua’s natural resources,
such as mining, fisheries,
forestry, etc
•Cultural modernization in
Papua
•GOI was trying to modernize
the Papuans life style
•To transform the hunters-
gatherers society into modern
and advanced society
•To enhance greater
constructive relationship
among the Papuans and
migrant settlers
Shared Interests The Papuans
Political stability
and law Independence
enforcement
•Dissatisfied by the
•Fair economy centralistic-approach of central
practices government, the Papuans is
•Local eager to utilize the natural
participation in resources within and around
economy activities Papua island (economic
sovereignty) by themselves
•Economic growth
•Better economic welfare for
the locals
•Keeping their local wisdom
and values
•Cultural
•The Papuans ruled by the
understanding
Papuans
•Improving quality •Eliminating the social
of life discrimination that directed
to the locals.
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 GOI Shared Needs The Papuans

•Territorial integrity
•National integrity
based on UUD 1945
Rule of law To achieve the rights
(State Constitution)
and Pancasila (five of self determination
basic principles of
Indonesia)

•Pluralism The Papuans doesn’t

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika •The question of see themselves as a
(unity of diversity) identity, “Who are part of Indonesian
we?” and, “Who cultural and national
are they?” identity

•Papua is part of Strong rejection

Indonesia national The question of
toward New York
territory legitimacy,
Agreement, Act of
“Where does the
•GOI claims Act of Free Free Choice, and
Choice was a legitimate legitimacy come
integration process
referendum from?”
into Indonesia
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 … Inseparable

Security Development

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 Recommendation

Security Development

Shared Interests Shared Needs

• Supremacy of law and giving wider authority for • Special rule for giving more authority to local
the local leaders. government without discrimination.
•The central government have a political will to •Establish consensus that respecting the central and
investigate human rights violations in Papua also local government.
properly. •Develop conscience about pluralism in the level of
•Establishing job creations, work training and society and government.
education for the local inhabitants. So the Papuans •Develop new paradigm about social integration
can participate in development process. concept, which is every citizen in Papua has the same
•Creating sustainable and constructive discussion right and duty in Republic of Indonesia
as well as consultation forums among GOI, migrant •Make a reconciliation to forget “bad things” at the
settlers, religion communities, and the locals. past, and start new era of development.
•Let the Papuans expressing their truly aspirations. •
• •
• • David Raja Marpaung. Associate Lecture 19
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 Who’s responsible? (Shared Interest)
Actor Supremacy of law Political will to Establishing job Creating Let the Papuans
and giving wider investigate HR creations, work sustainable and expressing their
authority for the violations training and constructive truly aspirations
local leaders education for the discussion
local inhabitants

Central government
    
Local government
    
The Papuans (local/indigenous
peoples)     
Migrant settlers

Political and military organization
  
Private actors in resource sector,
e.g. Freeport (US-based mining 
company)

Local and national NGO.

 
International actors: International
NGO’s and donors.   David Raja Marpaung. Associate Lecture 20
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 Who’s responsible? (Shared Needs)
Actor Special rule Establish Develop Develop new Make a reconciliation
giving more consensus that conscience paradigm about
authority to local respecting the about social integration
government central and also pluralism in concept
without local government the level of
discrimination society and
government
Central government
    
Local government.
   
The Papuans (local/indigenous
peoples)     
Migrant settlers.
 
Political and military
organization    
Private actors in resource sector,
e.g. Freeport (US-based mining
company)

Local and national NGO

 
International actors:
International NGO’s and donors.  

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 Sequences
Security

Shared Interests Political will to investigate HR violations Special rule giving

more authority to
local government
without
discrimination

Supremacy of law and giving wider authority Establish consensus that

for the local leaders respecting the central and
also local government

truly aspirations the level of society and government

Let the Papuans expressing their Develop conscience about pluralism in

Creating sustainable and Develop new paradigm about social

constructive discussion integration concept

Establishing job Make a reconciliation

creations, work Shared Needs
training and education
for the locals

Insecurity Development
Poverty
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 References
Articles:
•
•International Crisis Group. 2001. "Indonesia: Ending Repression in Irian Jaya."
•International Crisis Group. 2002. "Resources and Conflict in Papua."
•International Crisis Group. 2003. "Dividing Papua: How Not To Do It.
•International Crisis Group. March 2006. "Dangers of Shutting Down Dialogue."
•International Crisis Group. September 2006. "Answer to Frequently Asked Questions."
•International Crisis Group. July 2007. "Indonesian Papua: A Local Perspective on the Conflict."
•International Crisis Group. June 2008. "Indonesia: Communal Tensions in Papua.“
•Jones, Sydney. "Papua Shrouded by Misperception." The Australian Financial Review, 29 August
2006.
•-------------------. "Indonesia: Communal Tension a Prime Security Threat." The Jakarta Post, 3
January 2008.
•
•
Websites:

www.depdagri.go.id
www.freewestpapua.org
www.kompas.co.id,
www.tni.mi.id

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THANK YOU

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