Computational Fluid

Dynamics Lecture 11
Prof. Jiyuan Tu
& Dr. Sherman C.P. Cheung

Some Advanced Topics in CFD

Demands from real-world problems and industries

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Turbulent Reacting Flows

Combustion
Buoyant Plume

Turbulent flow

Intermittent Flame

Chemical reactions
Persistent Flame

Complex Reacting Flow

Heavy modelling!

A photographic image of a buoyant fire.

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Concept of Volumetric Heat Source

Heat

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Stecklers Experiment

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Visualization of Computational model

Y
X
Z

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Results from Volumetric Heat Source

Y

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Air Flow Pattern

Y

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Velocity Profile at Doorway

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Temperature Profile at Doorway

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Temperature Distribution
Y

T
520
508.421
496.842
485.263
473.684
462.105
450.526
438.947
427.368
415.789
404.211
392.632
381.053
369.474
357.895
346.316
334.737
323.158
311.579
300

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Advantages

It is simple

Give reasonable prediction both in velocities and

temperatures

Save computational time

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Disadvantages

Fire/flame height should be obtained prior from

experimental data or analytical approximation

Wrong prediction at the flame

Misinterpretation of flame structure

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Why needs Combustion Model

Improve prediction at near fire field

Some of the Fire problems require the shape of

flame structure

Flame spread along combustible materials

Fire suppression by sprinklers or water mists

Eddy Break Up (EBU) or presumed PDF

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Fire Triangle
Fuel

Heat

Oxygen
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Mixed is Burnt Concept

Fuel

Oxidant
Turbulent Mixing

Combustion

Product
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Flame Shape by Combustion Model

Y

2
T
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

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Two Compartment Fire

Burn
Room

Adjacent Room

2.0 m

Open
End

Doorway
LPG Burner

0.8 m
2.4 m

3.6 m

3.6 m

Experimental setup by Nielsen and Fleischmann (2000)

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Temperatures at Adjoining Room

2.5

Height (m)

1.5

Measurments
Predictions by Combustion Model

0.5

300

350

400
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University450

Temperature (K)

500

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Temperatures at Doorway
2

Height (m)

1.5

0.5
Measurments
Predictions by Combustion Model

300

350

400

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450
500
550
Temperature (K)

600

650

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Temperatures above Fire Source

Corrected experimental data (Eq. 19)
Uncorrected experimental data
Predictions with Combustion Model

Height (m)

1.5

0.5

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

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Temperature
(K)

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Disadvantages

Extra equations involved in simulation

Knowledge of the fuel Thermal Decomposition is

required (Detail Chemistry)

Complicated to implement

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Needs of Radiation and Soot Model

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Soot Formation Process

Describes fours chemical processes:

Nucleation
Coagulation
Surface Growth
Oxidation

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Nucleation

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Coagulation

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Surface Growth

Vinyl

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Oxidation
O2
OH

CO2

H 2O
H 2O

CO2

CO2

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Radiation and Soot Contribution

Revisit the two compartment fire experiment

Incorporate the radiation and soot model

Compare the prediction with previous results

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Temperatures at Adjoining Room

2.5

Height (m)

1.5

Measurments
Predictions with only gaseous radiation
Predictions with gaseous and soot radiation

0.5

300

350

400

450

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Temperature (K)

500

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Temperatures at Doorway
2

Height (m)

1.5

Measurments
Predictions without radiation
Predictions with gaseous and soot radiation

0.5

300

350

400

450

500
550
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Temperature (K)

600

650

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Temperatures above Fire Source

Uncorrected experimental data
Predictions without radiation
Predictions with gaseous and soot radiation
Corrected experimental data (Eq. 19)

Height (m)

1.5

0.5

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

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Temperature
(K)

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A Buoyant Free-Standing Fire

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Advance in Computational
Models I

Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

Only resolve large eddies & sub-modeling of small eddies

SGS
T
Subgrid scale turbulent viscosity
Unsteady simulation
Depending on grid size V
Industrial applications possible

RANS-LES Coupling

Reynolds Averaged-NS

RANS + -
Near-wall uses
Internal domain uses LES
Hybrid Coupling

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Backward Facing Step

DNS Solution from Stanford University

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Advance in Computational
Models II
Direct

Numerical Simulation (DNS)

Resolve

all scales of turbulent eddies

For fundamental understanding of turbulence

Challenges

3
~
Re
grid numbers
Small time step
~ t
Significant

Higher

order discretization
Unknown initial & inlet BC

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Multiphase Flows I
Gas

Solid particle flow

Coal fired power

Phase1

Phase2

Mining industry
Environment

Gas

Pollutants
Dust, soil.

Droplet particle flow

IC Engines

Air

Electricity

Liquid

Spray

Nasal Sprayer
Aerosol
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Multiphase Flows II

Bubble

Water particle flow

Chemical reactor
Boilers

Liquid

Air

Oil
Phase1

Air

Water
2

Water

Nuclear Power

Air

Solid particle flow

free surface

Numerical methods

Eulerian-Eulerian Method or
Two- fluid Method
Eulerian-Lagrange Method
or Particle tracking Method
Volume-of-fluid (VOF)
Tracking free surface
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Typical Flow behaviour in

bubble columns

Bubbly Flow

Cap-Bubbly flow

Slug Flow
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Churn-Turbulent Flow
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Bubble Coalescence

Bubbles may merge together

forming larger bubbles
Coalescence reduces number of
bubbles but increases size of
bubbles
N(Dp)

Western Michigan University

Dp

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Bubble Breakage

Bubbles may break-up due to

turbulence impact
Breakage increases number of
bubbles but decrease size of
bubbles
N(Dp)

Revuelta et al. (2006) J.F.M.

Dp

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Population Balance Approaches

Population Balance Equation (PBE)

f r , , t
v f (r , , t ) b( , t ) f ( , t )
t
1
Death rate due to breakage
h( , s, t )b(s, t ) f (s, t )ds
0

Birth rate due to breakage

f ( s, t ) C ( , s, t ) f ( s, t )ds
0
Death rate due to Coalescence
1
Birth rate due to Coalescence
C ( s, s, t ) f ( s, t ) f ( s, t )ds

0
2
Three Main Approaches has been proposed:

Moment of Method (MOM)

Least Square Method (LSM)
Class Method (CM)
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Class Methods for Population Balance

ABND Model

N(Dp)

Simple
Loss distribution information
MUSIG Model

Complex and expensive

Better distribution Approx.

Average Number

Dp

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Average Bubble Number

Density (ABND)

Adopt a single averaged value to describe the

changes of local bubble number
Only one additional equation is needed
Advantages:

Fast in terms of computational time

Simple to implement

Disadvantages:

n n

n n n

n
n

Only one averaged value can be obtained

u g n nCoalescence nBreakage
t
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Fluid Velocity

44

MUltiple SIze Group (MUSIG)

Model (I)

Used N size group (scalar) to describe bubble population

N extra equations have to be solved (depends on number of
group used)
Advantages:

Higher resolution for bubble classes

Disadvantages:

Additional computational time needed

ni

u g ni PC PB DC DB
t
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MUltiple SIze Group (MUSIG)

Model (II)
S ni PC PB DC DB

PB
PB

DB

ni

v
N

j i 1

PC

ni

DB i ni

ni

DC

i ,kl i ,kl

if

i ,kl 0

else vk vl vi

ni n

ni ni ni

ni

ni

ni

: vi n j

1 i i
PC i ,kl ni n j
2 k 1 l 1

N(ni)

ni

N(ni)

ni

ni

ni

DC ij ni n j
j 1

ni

vk vl vi

Fluid Velocity

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Bubble Mechanism
Bubble Coalescence

Bubble Breakage

Random Collision

Wake Entrainment

Turbulence Impact

Shearing-off

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Surface instability

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Free Surface Flow in Building

Drainage system

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Fluid Structure Interaction

P.F

Fluid flow
( Fluent )

Structural Analysis

New Geometry

(CFX )
Fluid Modelling
(CFD)

( ANSYS )

Method
Coupling
Interaction

Solid Modelling
(FESM)

INTERFACE
(middle-ware)
Turbulence
Pressure
Fluctuations

Share
Information

Stress
Deformation
Vibration

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Biomedical Application
CT
MRI

Geometry
Model
(CAD)

Air way

CFD Model of

Blood vessel
Pressure, Shear stress,
Drug deposition, Temperature etc

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Blood Vessel Wall Shear

Stress (WSS)
Carotid Bifurcation

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Blood Vessel FSI

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