Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
specialises in 2
Stephen Krashen:
n&
language acquisitio
n- English &
development no
bilingual
Krashen
Theory of Language
5 main hypotheses
acquisition-learning
monitor
natural order
input
affective filter
Learning
Product of subconscious
Similar to childrens acqn
Needs natural communication
in target lang
Informal situations
Depends on attitude
Uses grammatical feel
Monitor
Relationship between these 2
aspects of a learner.
Monitor part of the learner corrects
errors or makes speech more
acceptable.
Can only happen if the learner has
enough time to think, if they focus on
what is correct and if the rule is
known to them.
Natural Order
Input
How he tries to explain how the learner acquires the new
language.
Learner acquires language in this way, not learns it
Input needs to be slightly higher than the learners level
So natural communicative input is essential
comprehensible input with this go 2 further hypotheses:
1) speaking is a result of acquisition & NOT its
cause
2) if input is understood, and there is enough
of it, the necessary grammar is
automatically provided
(Krashen, 1985, p2)
Affective Filter
Syllabus
Learner roles:
Teacher Roles:
3 main roles
Main source of comprehensible input constant
flow of lang nec plus non-linguistic clues to
meaning so very teacher-centred
Atmosphere friendly, interesting, allowing a
low affective filter. This is achieved through not
expecting production of speech, int topics & not
correcting errors
Materials need to be of a high standard, very
varied & interesting, based not just on what T
thinks is nec, but also on ss needs & interests.
Materials
Primary goal of materials to make classroom
activities as meaningful as possible by giving
the extralinguistic context that helps the
acquirer to understand and thereby to
acquire (Krashen & Terrell, 1983:55).
Thus REALIA are of paramount NB, and not
textbooks.
So pictures, visual aids, schedules,
brochures, ads, maps, simple books, games.
Thus a lot of work for the teacher!!
Dialogues
Pairwork interviews with personal info
Personal charts & tables
Preference ranking opinion polls
Giving personal info about self
Using imagination
Problem-solving activities
Games
Content activities such as academic
subject matter