Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
(FiST) Procedures
3
References
5
Combined Arms
• Goal: To take all available assets and
put them together to inflict the
maximum amount of damage on the
enemy while minimizing the risk to
friendly forces
Fires to support
closing with the enemy
“A Way”
8
CONTACT
4000m
ORDNANCE MINIMUM
SAFE
DISTANCES
400m
1000m
1300m
1700m
2100m
EXECUTION THREAT
RING
4000m
400m
400m
Initial Inf
ASLT POS
1000m
1700m
2nd Tk
SBF POS
Initial Tk
SBF POS
Action Right
Arty / 81s begin Begins
FWCAS
Tank Main Gun
THREAT RING
EXECUTION 4000m
RW
BP
400m
Inf
1700m 1000m
Maneuver
2nd Tk Continues
SBF POS
FWCAS off
Arty / 81s continue
Tank Main Gun & 50 cal
RWCAS in
EXECUTION THREAT
RING
4000m
400m
Inf Maneuver
Continues
1000m
Final Tk
SBF POS
RWCAS off
Arty off
81s, 50 cal and 7.62
continue
DISMOUNT
ASSAULT
400m
Inf Maneuver
Continues
Final Tk
SBF POS
81s off
50 cal and 7.62
continue
Upguns while
bounding
The “Package”
15
The “Package”
• The combination of one or more indirect fire
agencies and close air support assets to
support the maneuver of ground units
against an enemy position
– Fires in support of maneuver
– Similar to a series of fires
– Not submitted in advance
• Uses the non-standard SEAD call-for-fire
as a framework for creating a fire plan in
support of a hasty attack 16
SEAD
Standard
Continuous TYPES
-1 0 1
Standard
Interrupted
-1 0 1
Non-
Standard
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FiST Organization and
Responsibilities
18
The Fire Support Team
• FiST Leader
– Runs the FiST
– Company fire support coordinator
• Forward Air Controller
– Provides all info regarding aviation employment
• Artillery Forward Observer
– Provides all info regarding artillery employment
• Mortar Forward Observer
– Provides all info regarding mortar employment
• Naval Gunfire Spotter
– Provides all info regarding employment of naval surface
19
fires
Guidelines for the FiST
Leader
20
The FiST leader
• Works for the Company Commander
• FiST members work for the FiST leader
• Responsible for the operation of the FIST
and ensuring integration of all elements of
the Company Commanders’ combined arms
concept
– Integration is the coordination and deconfliction
of fires and maneuver
• Must gain and maintain situational awareness
21
Effective Operation of the FiST
• Control
– Strive for the team concept
• Simultaneous Actions
– Coordination of effort (leadership skills)
– Lack of coordination = Rushed actions
– Attack a situation with a deliberate and
methodical approach
• Communication
– Information flow
– Cooperation 22
Techniques and Procedures
for Effective Operation of the
FiST
23
Control
• Everyone keeps the FiST leader informed of
actions taken
– Facilitates control
• Avoid getting rushed
– Rushed packages rarely work
– Missed responsibilities and tasks
– Inaccurate effects equals movement without fires
– Inaccurate CAS marks equal wasted bombs
– Smooth is fast
24
FiST Actions: Deliberate Process
• Target(s) grid(s) • CO has passed the scheme of
• Direction to the target maneuver
• Distance to the target • SEAD timeline is deconflicted from
• Elevation of the target maneuver
• Artillery position plotted • SEAD timeline is deconflicted from
• Artillery gun target line (GTL) plotted aviation
• Mortar position plotted • CO has the SEAD timeline
• Mortar GTL plotted • CO has passed timeline to higher
• Battle Board updated • Co has passed timeline to subordinates
• CAS 9-line plotted • Artillery FO has sent timeline to battery
• RW Battle Position plotted • Mortar FO has sent timeline to mortars
• Artillery has affect on target • FAC has passed 9-line to aircraft
• Mortars have affect on target • Double check accuracy of timeline
• Corrected grids passed from artillery • Double check deconfliction
passed to the FAC 25
FiST Action Routines
• Develop a SOP for the FiST actions
• Get all members of the FiST working when
contact is made
– Arty FO gets grid to and elevation of targets
– Mortar FO gets direction and distance to targets
– FiST leader makes target assignments
– Arty and mortar FO begin adjustments
– FAC requests aviation and constructs 9 lines
• This creates time for the FiST leader
26
Communication
• Everyone keeps the team informed of what
he is doing and what adjacent units are
doing
– Tracking aid for the FiST leader (information)
• Everyone “rogers up” to information and
“sounds off” when passing information
– Ensures communication
– Allows updates to the Battle Board
• Target grids, Mortar “FIRECAP” grid, “stay aboves”,
RW BPs, Shot/Splash, TOTs 27
The Battle Board
• Everyone stays on the same “sheet of music”
– Target locations, lead trace, etc…
– Separate grids can cause confusion in the team
and for higher headquarters
• Use a “Battle Board” to display critical
information
– Belongs to the FiST leader
– Communication tool
– Focuses effort of the team
– Accurate and detailed reference 28
FRIENDLY LOCATION ENEMY GRID DESCRIPTION DIR DIST/OT TGT # / ADJ GRID
(1)
MORTAR POSITION (2)
(3)
BATTERY LOCATIONS RWCAS: FWCAS: #1 FWCAS: #2
(1) PGM BP R&G BP IP ____________ IP ____________
__________ __________ DIR ______L / R DIR ______L / R
(2)
DIR _____ DIR _____ FAC/H ________ FAC/H ________
(3)
TOT_____ SA____________
EGRESS_______
SA____________
EGRESS_______
RW
FW
TGT # / DESC
ARTY_______
ARTY_______
81s _______
MANEUVER SBF
ASLT
Goals for Aviation
• Getting bombs on target
32
FiST Teamwork
• Develop FiST teamwork for CAS missions
– IP inbound
• FAC watches aircraft
• FO spots and determines corrections from the mark
(mil relation formula applies to CAS corrections)
• Everyone else scans for aircraft
• FiST members must aid the FAC in acquisition of
the aircraft
– Anticipate the need for flares, wing tip or “squirt”
– FAC lays out specific sector of the sky to narrow search
(reference terrain features)
33
– FAC should state aircraft tactics (high / low)
The Time Crunch
• Be prepared for a time crunch
– Note time on station when an aircraft checks in
• Determine a “drop dead” time based on aircraft time
on station (15 minutes out)
• Write actual time on Battle Board
– Run a standard SEAD if not ready to set a
package TOT
– Anticipate doing a “talk on” if necessary
• Mentally rehearse how you will do it
– Strive to employ all ordnance on aircraft
34
Aircraft Can Aid the FiST
• Use aircraft to look down range
– They can report enemy positions
– If FAC(A) capable, have aircraft fire and record
indirect fire in advance of the company
– Take over the mission when you can NOT see the
target
35
Goals for Indirect Fires
• Accurate fires
– Arty has effects on target
38
Targets
• Strive for concurrent actions
– A battery can accept two adjust fire missions
– A good FO can do two or more simultaneous
fire missions
• Apply an appropriate sheaf to the target
– Standard artillery sheaf - 100m radius
– Standard enemy platoon positions - 300m
frontage
• Never end a mission without Recording as
Target after achieving desired effects. 39
Fire for Effect
• Always Fire for Effect before setting the
Package
– Proves effects of killing fires
– For mortars the tightness of the sheaf will
affect your ability to close to 400 meters
– Take the time to adjust if necessary
40
Mobile Enemy Air Defense Weapons
• Expect Mobile Enemy Air Defense
Weapons to Move
– If you shoot at it, it will probably displace
• Do not adjust fire onto mobile Air Defense
Weapons, Instead…
– Determine target location by
• Laser range finder (Tank, AN/GVS-5)
• Direction to target
• Your location (PLGR, map spot)
– Send target grid in SEAD mission 41
Consider Weaponeering
• Mortars will have a low probability of hitting
the ADA/SAM target without adjusting
a “Package”
44
Basic Guidelines: Aviation
• Always plan for employing RW and FW
CAS in the Package
– Prepare 9-lines and integrate marks
– If it does not show, you can still close under
indirect suppression
– If it does show, you will not have to scramble to
integrate it at the last minute
45
Aviation Weapon
Considerations
• Employment of Hellfire
– Clean battlefield recommended
• An illum on deck mark is helpful to quickly orient the pilot
– Best employed at the beginning of package, before fires
obscure the target
– Allows large standoff
– Account for the time of flight to the missile (first missile
should impact at TOT not be fired at TOT)
– Consider the SDZ
– Consider effect on setting TOTs
46
Basic Guidelines: Indirect Fire
• Attack all targets with all available assets
– Provides built in redundancy
• Marks
• Killing fires
• Illumination
– Insures against the loss of an agency
47
Indirect Fire and Aviation Safety
• When weather or aircraft ordnance
considerations prohibit the use of a “stay
above” leave gaps in artillery timeline
(SEAD interrupted)
– This can include High Drag ordnance or
aircraft cannons
– A 2 minute gap in artillery is required
– 30 sec prior to TOT and 1 min and 30 sec
after TOT
48
Basic Guidelines: Maneuver
and Direct Fire
• Account for maneuver times in the package
– Time-space calculations
– Plan the start time for maneuver
• This indicates when indirect fires will be needed
49
Constructing a PACKAGE
PGMs R&Gs
RW
FW
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 TOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Arty
_____
BMPs
Arty
_____
ADA
81’s
_____
BMPs Tanks to
SBF TK Main Gun TK 50Cal & 7.62
Maneuver
Infantry ASLT
10 Minute Break
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Integration:
Coordination and Deconfliction
63
Two Tools for Integration
• Your Map
– Plot all information
– This is where deconfliction is done
64
Effective Coordination
• Battle Board
– Look at when aviation is engaging a target
• Indicates a need for deconfliction from indirect fires (stay above)
and maneuver ordnance minimum safe lines
– Understand when indirect fires are active and on
which target
• This indicate need for deconfliction with maneuver (routes or
timing) and aviation (stay above)
– Understand when direct fire occurs in the
sequence of events in the package
• This indicates the need for deconfliction from aviation (stay
above) 65
Techniques and Procedures
for Coordination
Sequence and Timing
66
Procedures for Coordination
RW
FW
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 TOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Arty
_____
BMPs
Arty
_____
ADA
81’s
_____
BMPs Tanks to
SBF TK Main Gun TK 50Cal & 7.62
Maneuver
Infantry ASLT
Effective Deconfliction
• Look at
– Battlefield Geometry
• Friendly unit locations
• Enemy locations
• Terrain
– Attack Geometry
• Attack and Suppress the Same Target
• Attack Long / Suppress Short
• Attack Short / Suppress Long
– Scheme of Maneuver
• The goal is a complete picture 68
Battlefield and Attack Geometry
Guidelines for Aviation
• To protect aircraft from enemy fires you must
suppress targets that can engage the aircraft
74
FiST Positioning
• Position the FiST where it can see the
Battlefield
– Work with the CO
– Ensure everyone can see the targets
– The team should be able to see lead trace
– Need good observation of the terrain
– Tactically sound
75
Plotting Information
• Draw Threat Rings
– Identifies enemy positions that will need
suppression in order for the company to
maneuver
– Aids in timing of fires (begin suppression)
• Draw Ordnance Minimum Safe Distances
– Identifies points for deconfliction
– May affect when maneuver can begin
– Aids in timing of fires (end indirect)
– Templates are useful 76
Plotting
1000m
1700m
400m
400m
Your Map
• Plot all information on your map
– Safety restrictions
– CAS 9-lines and Indirect fire agencies
– Subordinate and adjacent units
– Adjacent unit fire missions and 9-lines
– Fire support coordination measures
• This will allow you to see the Battlefield and
Attack Geometry
• This is where you will see the need for
78
deconfliction
Plotting
RW
BP
1000m
400m
1700m
400m
Methods
• Deconflict
– Scheme of maneuver from:
• Ordnance minimum safe lines
• Indirect gun target lines
– RW BPs from:
• Scheme of maneuver (direct fire)
• Indirect gun target lines
• FW final attack cones
– FW final attack cones from:
• Scheme of maneuver (direct fire)
• Indirect gun target lines 80
Deconfliction of Scheme of Maneuver and Ordnance Minimum Safe Lines
1700m
1000m
400
Deconfliction of Scheme of Maneuver and Indirect Fires
1000m
400
Deconfliction of RW BPs and Scheme of Maneuver
4000m
R&Gs
PGMs
Deconfliction of RW BPs and Indirect Fires
1000m
400
R&Gs
PGMs
Route # 1
Route # 2
Deconfliction of RW BPs and FW Final Attack Cones
1700m
Final Attack
Cones
R&Gs
PGMs
Deconfliction of FW Final Attack Cones and Indirect Fires
1000m
400
Final Attack
Cones
IP #2
IP #1
Deconfliction of FW Final Attack Cones and Scheme of Maneuver
1000m
400
Final Attack
Cones
IP #2
IP #1
Deconfliction
4000m
1700m
1000m
400
Final Attack
Cones
R&Gs
PGMs
Route # 1
IP #2
Route # 2
IP #1
Setting TOTs
• Do not set TOTs that are less than 10 min
out from the first action in your timeline
– Remember many actions are occurring
• Arty FO, Mortar FO and FAC send timeline
• FSCC approves (FSC, AirO and Arty Rep)
• FDC processes the mission
• Mortars apply mission on gun line
• Battery applies data to guns
– Anything less than 10 min to TOT is “Olympic
Class”
89
The Company Commander
90
Guidelines
• The CO is integral to the success of the
FiST
– Three responsibilities to your FiST:
• Provide the concept of combined arms and specific
fire support requirements (will you need air support?
Duration of suppression)
– FiST leader uses this to build a package
• Provide scheme of maneuver
– FiST leader uses this for deconfliction
• Keep FiST leader informed of adjacent unit
positions, adjacent unit actions and enemy locations
91
The FiST is responsible to the CO for:
92
Other Responsibilities
• You are responsible for Lateral Coordination
– FiST leader will aid
– You should have a continuous information exchange with
adjacent unit commanders
• You are responsible for giving specific
instructions to subordinate units to deconflict
them from the effects of fires
– Give detailed instructions
– Give grids for positions
– Read them in on the timeline
– Give them events as cue to action (second aviation pass)
93
Considerations for the
Company Commander
94
Mortars
• Get mortars into position and adjusting quickly
– Provides redundancy
– You may lose your artillery support
– Give the section leader specific instructions
– Give the mortars a grid to “FIRECAP”
• Direct Lay/Align mortars when possible
• Position Considerations
– Scheme of maneuver
– Weaponeering
– Series of ammunition (resulting range limitations)
– Overhead fire (maintaining separation off of the GTL)
95
– Position wide to a flank
Indirect Fires
• Be generous with indirect timelines in
support of maneuver
– It’s easier to “cease loading” than to extend
suppression
• Maneuver under your fires
– Set package to support maneuver
• No air / arty shows
– Close quickly under fires
– Minimize exposure and ammunition
expenditures of artillery units 96
Lateral Coordination
• Track adjacent unit missions (Look for conflicts)
– FW attack cones
• Does your cone point at a friendly position?
– FW routes
• Does your aircraft fly over you adjacent unit’s enemy
position?
• Does your adjacent unit have an active mortar
mission that your aircraft might fly through?
– Maneuver routes
• Can the adjacent unit’s enemy kill you as you close
to your target?
97
Coordinate your actions with
adjacent units
• Ensure your packages support each other’s maneuver
• Ensure your packages do not endanger each other’s unit
• Ensure your CAS missions do not conflict with each
other’s indirect fires
– 1. Gun target lines and aircraft routes
– 2. Attack cones and friendly positions including No Fire Areas
that maybe located forward of you position
– 3. If an adjacent enemy position can affect your maneuver
arrange to have it suppressed
– 4. Adjacent unit schemes of maneuver (i.e. Should not point at
each other)
• Always consider your actions with respect to friendly unit
positions that may be located to your front (R&S Tms,
98
etc.)
The FiST Battle Drill
99
The FiST Battle Drill
• General sequence of events the FiST will
execute in order to bring together
Combined Arms for the purpose of
destroying an enemy
• Two stages:
– Making Contact
– Executing the Package
• Rehearsals are key to quick execution
100
Actions Before Contact: FiST
Preparation
• Estimate of the Situation (METT-TSL)
– Identify known, suspected and likely enemy positions
• Set priority target
• Review indirect capabilities
– Artillery FO briefs priority target, location of batteries,
the munitions and charges available and displacements
plans
– Mortar FO briefs mortar capabilities, ammunition and
resulting range limitations
• Review Air Tasking Order
– FAC briefs number and type of aircraft, time on station,
101
ordnance, tanker support and preplanned 9-lines
Actions Before Contact
• Make a tentative plan
– The FiST leader brief his concept for employment of
assets based on the FO and FAC briefs, the company’s
scheme of maneuver, battle drills and mission
– This will be the company’s basic “package”
– This should include the timeline, the number of CAS
attacks (FW and RW), targets to be attacked, targets to
be marked and mark type.
• Plot information from briefs
– Everyone including the Company Commander should
plot information from the briefs.
– Including enemy threat rings 102
Actions Before Contact
• Make duty assignments
– For Contact:
• Who will get target location
• Who will direction to target
• Who will get distance to target
• Who will get elevation to target
– For Execution of the “package”:
• Who will spot the mark
• Who will spot aircraft
• Who will watch aircraft egress
• Rehearsals 103
FiST Battle Drill : Making Contact-
Adjusting Fires and Building the Package
• The company makes contact
• Company Commander sends contact
report
• CO and FiST leader position the FiST
• CO directs mortars to FIRECAP
• CO coordinates with higher and adjacent
units
– Pass location of enemy and friendly units
• FiST leader orients FiST 104
Making Contact
• Determine if target is near priority target
– If it is fire the priority target
– If not start CFF process
– Consider lead unit
• Each FiST member tasked with getting
specific information for target engagement
– Target Location
– Distance to Target (OT Factor)
– Direction to Target
– Target Elevation 105
Making Contact
• FiST leader adds information to Battle Board
• All indirect agencies call for fire
• FAC request available aviation
• CO gives FiST leader initial concept of
operation
– Pass mortar position, basic scheme of maneuver
and fire support requirements
– Include time needed to maneuver
• CO coordinates with adjacent units
106
– Pass mortar position and scheme of maneuver
Making Contact
• FAC begins work
– Completes and refines 9-lines
– Builds RW BPs based on mortar position and
scheme of maneuver
• FiST leader begins work
– Plots mortar position, GTLs, RW BPs, and final
attack cones
– Reviews scheme of maneuver
– Refines the basic company package
– Reviews and approves 9-lines with FAC 107
Making Contact
• FAC briefs 9-lines
• CO briefs subordinate units
– CO gives specific instructions to deconflict maneuver
elements from the effects of fires
– Give timelines and triggers
• CO briefs higher headquarters
– Review timeline and scheme of maneuver
• FiST leader ensures all indirect agencies have
effect on target before recording
• Artillery FO gets replot grid to target 108
Making Contact
• FiST leader updates Battle Board
• FAC builds pilots’ Situational Awareness
– Describing target area and location
• FAC passes replot grid
• FiST leader briefs team on the package
– Including timeline and changes to the basic
package
• All FiST members send package to their
agencies
109
Making Contact
110
Executing the Package
• FiST leader focuses team on the package
– Begin announcing the timeline
• FAC identifies the portion of the sky the
aircraft will be flying
• FiST members announce when suppression
and marks are shot
• FiST member designated to spot mark
makes correction from the mark
– One Marine only
111
• FAC passes correction to aircraft
Executing the Package
• FAC determines if situation is safe to bring
in the aircraft
• FAC clears aircraft
• FiST member designated as spotter makes
corrections from lead aircraft hit
• FAC passes second correction
• Repeat steps for follow-on attack
• FiST leader tracks maneuver elements
• FOs send end of mission 112
Preparations for the Next
Contact
• Establish new priority target
• Review indirect capabilities
• Review air capabilities
113
Fire Support Team
(FiST) Procedures
• Combined Arms
• The “Package”
• FiST Organization and Responsibilities
• Guidelines for the FiST Leader
• Construction of a Package
• Integration
• The Company Commander
• The FiST Battle Drill
114
Fire Support Team
(FiST) Procedures
Questions?
115