Exercise 4.

1 Metabolism
and Thyroid Hormone
Capuchino
Chan
Cua
Del Mundo
Group 2 4Bio3

Introduction
Endocrine System
Metabolism
Thyroid hormones
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine

Pituitary gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Goiter

Introduction

Figure 1. Thyroid hormone synthesis

Objectives
To observe how negative feedback
mechanisms regulate hormone
release
To understand the effect of thyroxine
and TSH on basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
To understand the role of
hypothalamus in regulating the
secretion of thyroxine and TSH

Materials and Methods

Inject with
propylthiouraci
l

Surgically
remove thyroid
gland of one
rat

Measure
oxygen
consumed in a
minute for
each rat

Weigh the rats

Surgically
remove
pituitary gland
of another rat

Compute for
metabolic rate
per kilogram of
body weight
(BMR)

Check for the

presence of
goiter

Record results
and
observations

Three rats

Results and Discussion

Rat

Weight(g)

ml
0/mins

ml
0/hr

Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox

250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245

7.1
6.3
6.2
8.5
7.8
7.7
8.0
6.4
7.9
6.4
6.3
6.3

426.0
378.0
372.0
510.0
468.0
462.0
480.0
384.0
474.0
384.0
378.0
378.0

BMR
(ml
0/kg/hr)
1704
1543
1518
2040
1910
1886
1920
1567
1935
1536
1543
1543

Palpation

Injected

No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
Mass
No Mass
Mass
Mass
No Mass
No Mass

None
None
None
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
TSH
TSH
TSH
PTU
PTU
PTU

Results and Discussion

Rat

Weight(g)

ml
0/mins

ml
0/hr

Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox

250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245

7.1
6.3
6.2
8.5
7.8
7.7
8.0
6.4
7.9
6.4
6.3
6.3

426.0
378.0
372.0
510.0
468.0
462.0
480.0
384.0
474.0
384.0
378.0
378.0

BMR
(ml
0/kg/hr)
1704
1543
1518
2040
1910
1886
1920
1567
1935
1536
1543
1543

Palpation

Injected

No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
Mass
No Mass
Mass
Mass
No Mass
No Mass

None
None
None
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
TSH
TSH
TSH
PTU
PTU
PTU

Results and Discussion

Rat

Weight(g)

ml
0/mins

ml
0/hr

Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox

250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245

7.1
6.3
6.2
8.5
7.8
7.7
8.0
6.4
7.9
6.4
6.3
6.3

426.0
378.0
372.0
510.0
468.0
462.0
480.0
384.0
474.0
384.0
378.0
378.0

BMR
(ml
0/kg/hr)
1704
1543
1518
2040
1910
1886
1920
1567
1935
1536
1543
1543

Palpation

Injected

No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
Mass
No Mass
Mass
Mass
No Mass
No Mass

None
None
None
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
TSH
TSH
TSH
PTU
PTU
PTU

Results and Discussion

Rat

Weight(g)

ml
0/mins

ml
0/hr

Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox
Normal
Tx
Hypox

250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245
250
245
245

7.1
6.3
6.2
8.5
7.8
7.7
8.0
6.4
7.9
6.4
6.3
6.3

426.0
378.0
372.0
510.0
468.0
462.0
480.0
384.0
474.0
384.0
378.0
378.0

BMR
(ml
0/kg/hr)
1704
1543
1518
2040
1910
1886
1920
1567
1935
1536
1543
1543

Palpation

Injected

No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
No Mass
Mass
No Mass
Mass
Mass
No Mass
No Mass

None
None
None
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
TSH
TSH
TSH
PTU
PTU
PTU

Conclusion
Rats

BMR (mL
O2/kg/hr)
Thyroxine

BMR (mL
O2/kg/hr)
TSH

BMR (mL
O2/kg/hr)
PTU

Normal

BMR (mL
O2/kg/hr)
Control
1704

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Tx

1543

Increase

Decrease

No change

Hypox

1518

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Exercise 4.3 Hormone

Replacement Therapy
Capuchino
Chan
Cua
Del Mundo
Group 2 4Bio3

Introduction
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Estrogen

Menopausal stage
Osteoporosis
T score

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

(T scores interpretation: normal = +1 to -0.99, osteopenia (bone
thinning) = -1.0 to -2.49, osteoporosis = -2.5 and below)

Objectives
To give light to what hormone
replacement therapy is
To determine how estrogen levels
affect bone density
To provide the potential benefits of
hormone replacement therapy.

Methodology
Three rats

Surgically
remove ovaries

Inject each with

saline solution,
estrogen and
calcitonin ,
respectively (repeat
6 times)

Scan under
dual X-ray
absorptiometry

Anasthetize
each rat

7 days after

Record T score

Interpret data

Figure 1. Set-up for hormone replacement

therapy

Results
and
Discussion
Table 1. T score of three ovariectomized rats treated with saline, estrogen
and calcitonin

Rat

Elapsed
Days

Saline
injection
s

Estrogen
injection
s

Calcitoni
n
injection
s

T score

Control

-2.83

Estrogen

-1.69

-2.28

Calcitoni
7
0
Baseline
T score = -2.61
n

Control = -2.83

-2.83 < -2.61

Osteoporosis

(T scores interpretation: normal = +1 to -0.99, osteopenia (bone

thinning) = -1.0 to -2.49, osteoporosis = -2.5 and below)

Results
and
Discussion
Table 1. T score of three ovariectomized rats treated with saline, estrogen
and calcitonin

Rat

Elapsed
Days

Saline
injection
s

Estrogen
injection
s

Calcitoni
n
injection
s

T score

Control

-2.83

Estrogen

-1.69

-2.28

Calcitoni
7
0
Baseline
T score = -2.61
n

Estrogen treated = -1.69

-1.69 > -2.61

Osteopenia

(T scores interpretation: normal = +1 to -0.99, osteopenia (bone

thinning) = -1.0 to -2.49, osteoporosis = -2.5 and below)

Results
and
Discussion
Table 1. T score of three ovariectomized rats treated with saline, estrogen
and calcitonin

Rat

Elapsed
Days

Saline
injection
s

Estrogen
injection
s

Calcitoni
n
injection
s

T score

Control

-2.83

Estrogen

-1.69

-2.28

Calcitoni
7
0
Baseline
T score = -2.61
n

Calcitonin treated = -2.28

-2.28 > -2.61

Osteopenia

(T scores interpretation: normal = +1 to -0.99, osteopenia (bone

thinning) = -1.0 to -2.49, osteoporosis = -2.5 and below)

Conclusion
Hormone replacement therapy is one
of the postmenopausal treatments
suggested to women undergoing that
stage to help prevent osteoporosis.
Increased levels of estrogen and
calcitonin leads to increased bone
density