Pumps

Contents

Pump classification

Positive displacement pumps

Dynamic pumps

Balancing of dynamic pumps

Air ingestion

Cavitation

Performance curves

Pump Classification

Pump

Positive
Displacement
Pumps

Dynamic
Pumps

Positive displacement Pumps

Positive
displacement
pump
Reciprocating
Pump

Rotary Pump

Gear Pump

External Gear
Pump

Screw Pump

Internal Gear
Pump

Vane Pump

Lobe Pump

Single or
Multi-cylinder
pump

Simplex

Spur gear
pump

Duplex

Helical gear
pump

Trplex

Herringbone
gear pump

Quintrex

Diaphragm
pump

Metering or
dozing Pump

Rotary pumps

Gear pump

External gear pump

Spur gear pump

Employs a straight teeth to trap and pressurize the fluid in the space between
gear teeth and pump casing

Rotary pump

Gear pump

External gear pump

Helical gear pump

Herringbone gear pump

Helical and herringbone gears are used in larger pumps, which handle larger
capacities and operate under higher speeds and pressures than spur gear
pump.

Rotary pump

Gear pump

Internal gear pump

It consists of two gears in mesh with one another. The outer or larger gear
of the set is the driving gear and the other smaller gear is driven or idler
gear.

Rotary pump

Screw pump

In operation center rotor drives the screw pump. Basically it drives

two other idler gear, which mesh it. Because the thread of the power
rotor mate with the idler rotors, the fluid if forced along the opening
in the threaded area towards the discharge of pump. Use to pump
oils.

Rotary pump

Vane pump

As the impeller rotates its offset position above the centerline allows
the vanes or blades to extend and draw in fluid one side.

The eccentrically installed rotor and vanes divide the working

chamber into separate compartments with variable volumes.

Liquid will be pressurized in the compartment of less area and will

discharge out through an outlet valve. Use to pump paints.

Rotary pump

Lobe pump

Lobes are mounted on separate shafts and rotate in opposite

direction.

Liquid coming from suction side trapped between the wall of the
casing and the rotating lobes, and hence pressurized.

Reciprocating pumps

Piston cylinder arrangement

Simplex

Duplex

Triplex

Quintrex

Use a back and forth straight line motion to pressurize a fluid.

Sections of piston cylinder reciprocating pump

Hydraulic section

Plunger or piston with piston rod

Suction and discharge valves

Cylinder

Stuffing box

Power section

Crankshaft

Crosshead

Connecting rod

Reciprocating pumps

Diaphragm pump

An air valve directs the pressurized air to one of the chamber, this
pushes the diaphragm across the chamber and the fluid on other side
of diaphragm is forced out.

Diaphragm in the opposite chamber is pulled towards the center by

connecting rod, hence, creating a suction in the respective chamber.

As the diaphragm plate reaches pumps center it pushed across a

pilot valve rod and diverting a pulse of air to air valve.

This move across and diverts air to the opposite side of the pump
reversing the operation. It also opens the air chamber to the exhaust.

Reciprocating pumps

Diaphragm pump

Reciprocating pump

Metering or dozing pump

Working principle is same as of piston cylinder reciprocating pump.

These pumps are very sensitive to temperature change in fluids.

Use to deliver a measured and adjustable amount of flow by the use

of adjusting device.

Dynamic pump

Kinetic energy is added to fluid by increasing the flow velocity.

This increase in energy is converted to a gain in pressure.

Dynamic
pump
Centrifugal or
radial flow
pump
Single stage
pump

Multi-stage
pump

Propeller or
axial flow
pump

Turbine or
mixed flow
pump

Dynamic pump

Centrifugal pump

Parts of centrifugal pump

A pump that works on the basis of centrifugal force.

Impeller

Open impeller

Semi open impeller

Close impeller

Pump casing

Volute casing

Concentric casing

Diffuser

Stuffing box

Types of centrifugal pump

Single stage centrifugal pump

Multi stage centrifugal pump

Dynamic pump

Propeller pump

Propeller whips and adds energy to liquid.

Liquid enters and leaves the pump axially.

These pumps can handle large capacities than impeller but increase
less pressure.

Dynamic pumps

Turbine pump

Mixture of impeller and propeller pump.

The flow of liquid through a turbine pump is half way between the
flow through a centrifugal and propeller pump.

These pumps can handle large capacities.

Dynamic pumps

Forces on the impeller

Radial forces

Axial forces

Balancing

Radial balancing

Diffuser with guide vanes

Double volute

Axial balancing

Wear ring and balancing holes

Back vanes

Inlet flow from both sides

Hydraulic balancing

Radial forces and balancing

Radial forces

Diffuser with guide

vanes

Double volute

Axial forces and balancing

Wear ring with balancing holes

Back vanes

Hydraulic balancing

Suction from both sides of impeller

Dynamic pumps

Air ingestion

Air (0.2% by volume) in the pump suction can reduce the

performance of pump considerably.

Cavitation

Localize evaporation of liquid

Implosion of bubbles can cause pitting and erosion

In order to avoid cavitation, pumps Net Positive Suction Head

available should exceed the Required Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSHR).

Pumps system and

characteristics curves

Performance or Characteristic curve

System Curve

A graphical representation of pump total head vs flow rate.

Obtained by calculating the total head at different flow rates.