Planing

Planingis amanufacturingprocess of material removal in which the workpiece

reciprocatesagainstastationarycuttingtoolproducingaplaneorsculptedsurface.
Planingisanalogoustoshaping.Themaindifferencebetweenthesetwoprocessesis
thatinshapingthetoolreciprocatesacrossthestationaryworkpiece.Planingmotion
istheoppositeofshaping.Bothplaningandshapingarerapidlybeingreplacedby
milling.

ProcessCharacteristics:
Usessingle-pointcuttingtool.
Involvesareciprocatingmotionbetweenthetoolandworkpiece.
Producesplaneorsculptedsurfaces.
Leavesparallelfeedmarks.

Working principle of a planing machine

Themachineusedforthisprocessisknownas
aplaner.Thesizeoftheplanerisdeterminedby
thelargestworkpiecethatcanbemachinedonit.
Theprincipleinvolvedinmachiningofajobin
planerisareversecaseofshaper.Theworkis
rigidlyheldontheworktableorplatenofthe
machine.Thetoolisheldverticallyinthetool
headmountedonthecross-rail.Theworktable
togetherwithjobismadetoreciprocatepastthe
verticallyheldtool.Theindexedfeed,aftereach
cut,isgiventothetoolduringtheidlestrokeof
thetable.

Main parts of a planner

Bed.

Tableorplaten.

Housingorcolumn.Cross-rail.

Tool-heads.

Controls.

Types of planer

Standardordoublehousingplaner.

Opensideplaner.

Planermiller.

Plateplaner.

Pitplaner.

Dividedtableplaner.

Working of a butler planing machine

Driving mechanism
Fourdifferentmethodsareasfollows:
Crankdrive.
Beltdrive.
Directreversibledrive.
Hydraulicdrive.

Feeding mechanism
Thehorizontalfeedisgivenbymovingthetool-headalongthecross-railandvertical
feed,tovarythedepthofcut,isimpartedbymovingtheverticalslideofthetool-head
Bymeansofthedownfeedscrew.
Ratchetandpawlfeedmechanism.
Frictiondiscfeedmechanism.
Electricalfeedmechanism.

Work holding devices

Mostofthejobscanbedirectlyheldonthemachinetablewiththehelpofsome
generaltypesoffixturessuchas:

Vices.

Tbolts.

Clamps.

Stops.

Angleplatesandirons.

Braces.

Stopblocks.

Vblocks.

Planerjacks.

Vblocks.

Planing operations
Theonlydifferencewiththeshaperisthatashapercanmachineonlysmallwork,
whereasaplanerisspeciallydesignedforlargework.Thecommontypeofwork
machinedinplanerare:thebasesanstablesofallkindsofmachinetools,large
structures,framesofdifferentenginesandidenticalpiecesofworkwhichmaybesmall
insizebutlargeinnumber.Thecommonoperationsare:

Planingflathorizontalsurface.

Planingverticalsurfaces.

Planingatanangleandmachiningdovetails.

Planingcurvedsurfaces.

Planingslotsandgrooves.

Cutting speed, feed and depth of cut

Cuttingspeed-thecuttingspeedofaplaneristherateatwhichthemetalis
removedduringtheforwardcuttingstroke.Commonlyusedplanersusuallyemploy
acuttingspeedof6-15metresperminuteandareturnspeedofabout30metresper
minute.

Feed-thefeedinplaningmachineisthedistancethetoolheadtravelsatthe
beginningofeachcuttingstrokeexpressedinmmperdoublestroke.

Depthofcut-itisthethicknessofmetalremovedinonecutandismeasuredbythe
perpendiculardistancebetweenthemachinedandnonmachinedsurfaceexpressed
inmm.

Precautions

Weshouldprotectmachinetablefromburrsandirregularitiesoftheworkpieces.

Useofcraneinfixingtheworkpieceshouldbedonecarefully.

Forthesurfacingworkthetoolheadissetvertically.

Safetyclutchmustbeprovidedforfeedand

powerrapidtraverse.

Useofverticalpowerrapidtraverseforfeedingthetableshouldneverbeallowed.