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AMPS Specifications
Parameter
Frequency Band:
Forward Link
Reverse Link
Channel Spacing
Spacing between Transmission
and Reception
Number of Channels
Coverage Radius
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation
Frequency Deviation
Control Signal
Type of Modulation
AMPS
869 894
MHz
824 849
MHz
30 kHz
45 MHz
832
2 20 km
FM
+/- 12 khz
5
FSK
3. Edge-excited cell
2. Cornerexcited
cell
Frequency Allocation:
1. 800 900 MHz original frequency
assignment; previously occupied by UHF TV
channels 68 through 83
2. 824 and 849 MHz reserved for uplink
3. 869 and 849 MHz are for downlink
Both 2) and 3) are divided into 832 channels with
30 kHz bandwidth.
4. 30 kHz, 200 kHz, 1.25 MHz the different
bandwidths used in different ways by different
companies in different locations.
5. 700 to 800 Mhz abandoned UHF TV
channels for digital high-definition TV in 2009.
6. 1700 to 1750 Mhz from military
10
7. 1900 to 2300 Mhz available for 3G.
to
the
assigned
frequency
Types:
1. Frequency reuse
2. FDMA - the spectrum is divided into many
smaller channels.
3. TDMA multiple users use different time slots
4. CDMA with unique coding, up to 64
subscribers can share a 1.25 Mhz channel.
5. SDMA it uses highly directional antennas to
pinpoint users and reject others on the same
frequency.
11
Frequency Reuse
Frequency reuse the
process in which the
same
set
of
frequencies
(channels) can be
allocated to more
than
one
cell,
provided the cells are
separated
by
sufficient distance.
Cluster groups of cells
12
Frequency Reuse
The number of channels available in a cluster, F:
F = GN
The total channel capacity in a given area, C:
C = mF
Where:
G = # of channels in a cell
N = # of cells in a cluster = 3, 7, or 12
m = # of clusters in a given area
13
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse Factor, FRF: - the number of
subscribers who can use the same set of
frequencies in nonadjacent cells at the same
time in a small area like city is generally 4.
Where:
FRF = N/C
N = total number of full-duplex
channels in an area
C = total number of full-duplex
channels in a cell
14
Interference
Two major kinds of interferences produced
within a cellular telephone system:
1. Co-channel interference - the interference
that occurs between co-channel cells (two cells
using the same set of frequencies).
Note: To reduce co-channel interference, a
certain minimum distance must separate cochannels. It cant be reduce by simply increasing
transmit powers.
15
Interference
Note:
Interference
between cells is
proportional not
to the distance
between the two
cells but rather to
the ratio of the
distance to the
cells radius.
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17
20
21
22
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Terms:
Sectors the smaller areas.
Sectoring - decreasing co-channel interference
while increasing capacity by using directional
antennas.
Space diversity - placing two receive antennas
one above the other. It improves reception by
effectively providing a larger target for signals
radiated from mobile units.
25
Terms:
Radio network is defined by a set of radiofrequency transceivers located within each cells
Base stations the locations of radio-frequency
transceivers, consists of a low-power radio
transceiver, power amplifiers, a control unit
(computer), and other hardware, depending on the
system configuration. It can improve transmission
quality, but they cannot increase the channel
capacity within the fixed bandwidth of the
network. It serves as central control for all users
within that cell.
- are distributed over the area of system coverage. 27
Terms:
Cell-site controller handles all cell-site control
and switching functions.
Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
controls channel assignment, call processing, cal
setup, and call termination which includes
signaling, switching, supervision, and allocating
radio-frequency channels.
provides a centralized administration and
maintenance point for the entire network and
interfaces with the PTN over wireline voice
trunks to honor services from conventional
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wireline telephone subscribers.
29
4 Stages of handoff:
2. Resource reservation appropriate network
procedures reserve the resources needed to
support the handoff (i.e. a voice and a control
channel).
3. Execution the actual transfer of control from
one base station to another base station takes
place.
4. Completion unnecessary network resources
are relinquished and made available to another
mobile units.
31
Types of Handoff:
1. Hard Handoff a connection that is
momentarily broken during the cell-to-cell
transfer. It is a break-before-make process.
- generally occur when a mobile unit is passed
between disjointed systems with different
frequency
assignments,
air
interface
characteristics, or technologies.
2. Soft Handoff a flawless handoff, normally
takes approximately 200ms, which is imperceptible
to voice telephone users, although the delay may be
32
disruptive when transmitting data
33
6 Essential Components:
1. Electronic Switching Center the heart of a
cellular telephone system. It controls switching
between the public wireline telephone network and
the cell-site base stations for wireline-to-mobile...
2.Cell-site Controller manage each of the radio
channels at each site, supervise calls, tx/rx on off.
3. Radio transceivers - transmitter/receiver
4. System interconnections used four-wire leased
lines to connect switching centers to cell sites and
to PTN.
5. Mobile telephone units
6. Common Communications Protocol - governs
the way telephone calls are established and34
disconnected.
3 Types of Calls:
1. Cellular-to-PSTN
2. Cellular-to-Cellular
3. PSTN-to-Cellular
Advantages:
36
Advantages:
- digital cell phones greatly facilitate the
transmission of data as well as voice so that data
services such as e-mail and Internet access are
possible.
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38
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