Use of the human body .

Arrangement of the work place .

Design of tools and equipment .

Use of the Human Body

The two hands should begin and complete their movements at the
same time.
The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during
periods of rest.
Motions of the arms should be simultaneous , symmetrical and
opposite in directions.
Apply minimum motions to hand and body (avoid shoulder
movements as far as possible).
Continuos curved movements are preferred to sharp straight-line
motions involving sudden changes in direction.
Use BALLISTIC movements.
Arrange work to incorporate natural rhythm for smooth and
automatic performance of repetitive work.
Work place to be arranged to minimize eye movements and change
of focus ( Work to be done in minimum eye fixations).

Arrangement of the Work

Place

A place for everything and everything in its place.

Tools and materials should be pre-positioned to reduce

searching.

Use GRAVITY feed wherever possible.

Position tolls , materials and controls within the maximum

working area and as near to the worker as possible.

DROP deliveries and EJECTORS should be used wherever

possible.

Provide comfortable table/chair and use adequate lighting.

The color of the work place should contrast with that of the work
to reduce eye fatigue.

Design of Tools and

Equipments

The hand should not be used for work holding, it should be done
by jig, fixture or foot-operated device.

Two or more tools should be combined wherever possible.

When each finger performs some movement as in a type writer,

the load should be distributed according to the capacity of the
fingers.

Handles (screw-driver handle) should be designed to permit

maximum surface area to come into contact with the hand.

Levers , crossbars and hand wheels should be placed such that

the operator can use them with the least change in body
position and to the greatest Mechanical advantage.

WORK MEASUREMENT

Work Measurement
Work measurement is the application of techniques designed
to establish the time required for a qualified worker to
carry out a specific job at a defined level of performance.

Purpose of Work
Measurement
To compare the efficiency of alternative methods of work.

To balance work load of members of a team.

Wage incentive (using time standards)
Fix production targets.
Used for preparing budgets.
Production line balancing.
Labour cost control.
Used for preparing estimates for tenders, fixing selling
prices, and making delivery promises.

The Basic Procedure

SELECT work to be studied
RECORD all relevant data, methods & elements
MEASURE quantity of work in each element
COMPILE the standard time for the operation
DEFINE precisely series of activities & method of operation

Techniques of Work Measurement

Work Sampling
Stop-watch time study
Predetermined Time Standards (PTS)
Standard Data

Work Sampling
Work sampling is a method of finding the percentage
occurrence of a certain activity by statistical sampling
and random observations.

Procedure
for selecting random observations
Random tables

Error in Work Sampling

Observational error
Due to presence of observer and his behavior

Experimental error
Due to finite number of random observations on a specified
activity

Conducting Work Sampling Study

Observations
Machine Working

Cutting

Boring

Filing

Machine Idle

Waiting
For
repairs

Waiting
For
supplies

Personal
Needs of
workers

Idle

Time Study
Equipment Stop watch, board, forms
Break job into elements
Determine sample size

What is Rating Factor?

The worker will be evaluated with the
observers own concept of normal performance .
Evaluation / observation is based on the
perception of the time study man ( i.e. depends
on individuals ) .

Various Systems of Rating

Skill & effort rating
Westinghouse system
Synthetic rating
Objective rating
Physiological evaluation
Performance rating

Skill & Effort Rating

By Charles E . Bedaux .
Time standard expressed in B which is equivalent to
a standard minute & it contains
(1) Work component
(2)Relaxation component
Expected B points
(1) Average worker = 60 Bs
(2) Efficient worker = 70-85 Bs
(3) Slow worker = < 60 Bs

Westinghouse System
Four factor system:
(1) Skill

(2) Effort

(3) Conditions

(4) Consistency

A scale of numerical value for each system was

supplied in tabular form.
The observed time was multiplied with the total value
allocated for all the four factors.

Synthetic Rating
Comparison with Pre-determined Motion and Time
Standards (PMTS).
R=

PMTS VALUE
Average time recorded
R -- Performance rating factor.

Objective Rating
Operators speed rated against single standard pace independent of job difficulty . A secondary factor for job difficulty
is added to pace rating .
Normal time = Ave.time x pace rating
Difficulty factor depends on

Amount of body used

Eye-hand co-ordination

Foot movements involved

Weight & handling reqd.

x difficulty factor.

Physiological Evaluation
Based on heart beat and oxygen consumption .
If heart beat = 120 pulses / min and oxygen
consumption in calories per minute and if he
works on another job with the same values then
he is rated 100 % .

Performance Rating
Normal worker is rated 100%
The rating is based on speed , pace or tempo
of the work .
Most commonly used system .

Example
Basic time = Observed time x (Rating/Standard rating)
Observed time = 15 min. for a worker with rating of 80.

Allowances are
Personal needs 5% of Basic time
Basic fatigue

2% of Basic time

Contingency work

1% of Basic time

Contingency delay

2% of Basic time

Determine basic time, work content and standard time for the job.

Predetermined Time
Standards(PTS)
A work measurement technique whereby times
established for basic human motions are used to
build up the time of the job at a
definite level of performance.

Components of a basic
PTS
REACH
Move hand to destination

GRASP

Secure control of object with finger

MOVE

Move the object

POSITION

Line up and engage objects

RELEASE

Let the object go

BODY MOTIONS

Leg, Trunk movement

PTS Data Levels Basic

Motions
1st level
(MTM-1)
RELEASE
REACH
GRASP
MOVE
POSITION
RELEASE

2nd level
(MTM-2)

3rd level
(MTM-3)

GET
HANDLE

PUT

Higher level
(eg - MTM-5)

Combinations
give simple and
complex elements

STANDARD DATA
Data Banks of all possible elements
Use stop watch or PTS