Rabies

virus

Shape: bullet
Genome: -ssRNA
enveloped virus
CPE: Negri body

Structure of Rabies Virus

60C 30min 100C

2min

4C 1 2

Reservoir
Urban forms: Dogs and
cats
Sylvatic forms: Bats,
foxes, raccoons ,
wolves, skunks ,
coyotes , mongooses
, and biting animals

Transmission

By bite or scratch
Via saliva
Airborne ( bats)

BAT

armadillo

Cat

raccoon

fox

dog

R abies or hydrophobia

Fever
Dysphagia
Altered mental
status
Excitement,
agitation
Paralysis

Hydrophobia
Hypersalivation

Nausea, vomiting
;
Headache
malaise

Laboratory diagnosis

Diseased dog: viral antigen and Negri body

in brain tissue.
Patient: IF assay, PCR.

Prevention and treatment

Prevention and treatment

Bite Geographical area, type of animal,

severity and site of bite.

Animal

Live - observe in cage:

If survives > 8 days, then NOT rabies.
Dead - brain
- Negri bodies
- IFA
- virus isolation

Prevention and treatment

Man
Live - difficult diagnosis
- clinical picture, skin biopsy, corneal
impression (antibodies only appear
very late)
Dead - brain sent to Onderstepoort
"Negri bodies" in cytoplasm of brain
cells; immunofluorescence virus
isolation .

Human papillomavirus
(HPV)

Biological properties

naked dsDNA virus

with 9 ORF
belongs to
Papovaviridae
more than 60 types
artificial
cultivation unsuccessful.

Transmission

contact infection
sexual infection
congenital infection.

Pathogenesis

Host-specific
Tissue-specific.

Disease

Cutaneous warts
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Mucosal HPV infections
Cervical cancer and other cancers:
A significant proportion of cancers is
associated with HPV infection: 11% of all
cancers in women and 2% of all cancers in
men.

LIFE CYCLE OF HUMAN

PAPILLOMAVIRUS

Laboratory diagnosis

- Cytology
- Histology
- Colposcopy in the case of genital HPV
infections.
- Electron microscopy.
- Immunocytochemistry can detect major
capsid protein but are generally group
specific not type specific
- DNA detection techniques. This is the
only way to type HPVs.PCR

PARVOVIRUSES

Human parvovirus B19

DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES

Are small, naked viruses with

icosahedral nucleocapsids.
Contain single-stranded DNA
and replicate in the nucleus.
Include human parvovirus
(B19) and adenoassociated
virus, a defective virus of the
dependovirus genus that
requires adenovirus to replicate.
Human pathogen, B19, has
tropism for red blood cell
progenitors

Human diseases associated with B19

parvovirus
Syndrome
Fifth diseases

Transient
aplastic crisis
Pure red cell
aplasia
Hydrops
fetails

Host or condition
Children
Adilts

Clinical features
Cutaneous rash
Arthralgiaarthrtis
Underlying
Severe acute
hemolysis
anemia
Immunodeficienci Chronic anemia
es
Fetus
Fatal anemia

EPIDEMIOLOGY

These
organisms
are
widely
distributed in nature.
Enters the body through:
The respiratory tract
Blood transfusions
Vertically from mother.

DIAGNOSIS
PARVOVIRUS B-19 SEROLOGY
Serology

Direct detection of the viral DNA may be

achieved by PCR

Interpretation

IgGIgM-

No past infection
Patients susceptible to
infection

IgG+
IgM-

There has been a past

infection
Patient probably immune

IgG + or
IgM
equivocal

Current or recent infection

Patient should be retested
in a few weeks

IgG+
IgM+

Ongoing or recent infection

Fetus may be at risk if
patient pregnant

IgG- (or
equivocal)
IgM+

Current infection
Patient should be retested
in a few weeks

Prevention and Treatment

Immunological: no vaccines are

available
Treatment: Commercial
immunoglobulin preparations
contain parvo B19 antibodies can
successfully eliminate the
infection in immunocompromised
patients