Ultrasonic Testing For LVL 1 & 2 Vol.2

Ultrasonic Testing
Part 2
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd
Name
Ultrasonic Testing techniques

Pulse Echo
Through Transmission
Transmission with Reflection
Name
Pulse Echo Technique

Single probe sends
and receives sound
Gives an indication of
defect depth and
dimensions
Not fail safe
Name
Defect Position
B
No indication from defect A (wrong orientation)

Name
Through Transmission Technique

Transmitting and
receiving probes on
opposite sides of
the specimen
Tx
Rx
Presence of defect
indicated by
reduction in
transmission signal
No indication of
defect location
Fail safe method
Name
Name
Through Transmission Technique

Advantages
Less attenuation
No probe ringing
No dead zone
Orientation does not
matter
Disadvantages
Defect not located
Defect cant be
identified
Vertical defects dont
show
Must be automated
Need access to both
surfaces
Name
Transmission with Reflection

T
Also known as:

Tandem Technique or
Pitch and Catch Technique
Name
Ultrasonic Pulse
A short pulse of electricity is applied to a
piezo-electric crystal
The crystal begins to vibration increases
to maximum amplitude and then decays
Maximum
10% of
Maximum
Pulse length
Name
Pulse Length
The longer the pulse, the more
penetrating the sound
The shorter the pulse the better the
sensitivity and resolution
Short pulse, 1 or 2 cycles

Long pulse 12 cycles

Name
Ideal Pulse Length
5 cycles for weld testing

Name
The Sound Beam

Dead Zone
Near Zone or Fresnel Zone
Far Zone or Fraunhofer Zone
Name
The Sound Beam

NZ
FZ
Main
Beam
Intensity
varies
Exponential Decay
Distance
Name
The side lobes has multi

minute main beams
Two identical defects may
give different amplitudes of
signals
Near
Zone
Side Lobes
The main beam or the centre

beam has the highest
intensity of sound energy
Main Lobe
Any reflector hit by the main

beam will reflect the high
amount of energy
Main Beam
Name
Sound Beam
Near Zone
Thickness
measurement
Detection of defects
Sizing of large
defects only
Far Zone
Thickness
measurement
Defect detection
Sizing of all defects
Near zone length as small as possible
Name
Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
V
D f
Near Zone
4V
Name
Near Zone
What is the near zone length of a 5MHz
compression probe with a crystal diameter
of 10mm in steel?
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
2
10 5,000,000
4 5,920,000
21.1mm
Name
Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
D f
4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the

near zone
The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high
or low frequency?
Name
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?

1 M Hz
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
5 M Hz
Name
Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
D f
4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the

near zone
The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high
or low frequency?
Name
Beam Spread
In the far zone sound pulses spread out
as they move away from the crystal
/2
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
Name
Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08
6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis
or Main Beam
Name
Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression
or a shear wave probe?
Name
Beam Spread
What is the beam spread of a 10mm,5MHz
compression wave probe in steel?
KV
Sine
2
Df
1.08 5920
5000 10
o
0.1278
7.35
Name
Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam

Spread ?
1 M Hz
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
5 M Hz
Name
Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression
or a shear wave probe?
Name
Testing close to side walls
Name
Sound at an Interface
Sound will be either transmitted across
or reflected back
Reflected
Interface
How much is reflected and

transmitted depends upon the
relative acoustic impedance of
the 2 materials
Transmitted
Name
The Phenomenon of Sound

REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
Name
The Phenomenon of Sound

REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
Name
Law of Reflection
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
60o
60o
Name
Inclined incidence(not at 90o )

Incident
Transmitted
The sound is refracted due to differences in
sound velocity in the 2 DIFFERENT materials
Name
REFRACTION
Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0
30
Water
Steel
Water
Steel
Steel
Steel
Refracted
Name
REFRACTION
Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0
The Two Materials has different
VELOCITIES
30
30
Steel
Water
Steel
Steel
65
30
No Refraction
Refracted
Name
Snells Law
Normal
Incident
Material 2
Material 1
Refracted
Sine I
Vel in Material 1
Sine R Vel in Material 2

Name
Snells Law
C
Sine I Vel in Material 1
20
Perspex
Sine 20
2730
Sine 48.3 5960
Steel
0.4580 0.4580
48.3
C
Name
Snells Law
C
Sine I Vel in Material 1
15
Sine 15 2730
Sine R 5960
Perspex
Steel
34.4
C
5960
SinR Sin15
2730
SinR 0.565
R 34.4
Name
Snells Law
C
20
Perspex
Steel
48.3
24
C
S
Name
Snells Law
C
When an incident beam of sound

approaches an interface of two
different materials:
REFRACTION occurs
Perspex
Steel
There may be more than one waveform

transmitted into the second material,
example: Compression and Shear
C
C
When a waveform changes

into another waveform:
MODE CHANGE
SS
Name
Snells Law
If the angle of Incident is
increased the angle of
refraction also increases
Perspex
Up to a point where the

Compression Wave is at
90 from the Normal
Steel
This happens at the
90
FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE
CS
SC
S
Name
1st Critical Angle

C 27.4
Compression wave refracted

at 90 degrees
33
S
Name
2nd Critical Angle

C
57
S (Surface Wave)
90
Shear wave refracted at 90 degrees

Shear wave becomes a surface wave
Name
1st Critical Angle Calculation

C 27.2
Sine I
2730
Sine 90 5960
Perspex
C
Steel
Sin90 1
2730
SinI
5960
SinI 0.458
I 27.26
Name
2nd Critical Angle Calculation

C
Sine I
2730
Sine 90 3240
C
57.4
Perspex
Steel
Sin90 1
2730
SinI
3240
SinI 0.8425
I 57.4
Name
1st.
C
2nd.
Before the 1st. Critical Angle: There

are both Compression and Shear
wave in the second material
At the FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE
Compression wave refracted at 90
Shear wave at 33 degrees in the
material
90
Beyond the 2nd. Critical
Angle: All waves are
reflected out of the
material. NO wave in
the material.
S C
33
Between the 1st. And 2nd.

Critical Angle: Only SHEAR
wave in the material.
Compression is reflected out
of the material.
At the 2nd. Critical Angle: Shear

is refracted to 90 and become
SURFACE wave
Name
Name
Summary
Standard angle probes between 1st and
2nd critical angles (45,60,70)
Stated angle is refracted angle in steel
No angle probe under 35, and more
than 80: to avoid being 2 waves in the
One Defect Two Echoes
same material.
C
C
S
Name
Snells Law
Calculate the 1st critical angle for a
perspex/copper interface
V Comp perspex : 2730m/sec
V Comp copper : 4700m/sec
2730
SinI
0.5808 35.5
4700
Name

Ultrasonic Testing For LVL 1 & 2 Vol.2

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Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic Testing techniques

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Pulse Echo Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

No indication from defect A (wrong orientation)

Through Transmission Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Through Transmission Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Transmission with Reflection

Also known as:

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Short pulse, 1 or 2 cycles

Long pulse 12 cycles

Ideal Pulse Length

5 cycles for weld testing

The Sound Beam

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Sound Beam

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The side lobes has multi

The main beam or the centre

Any reflector hit by the main

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Near zone length as small as possible

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The bigger the diameter the bigger the

Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The bigger the diameter the bigger the

Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Testing close to side walls

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

How much is reflected and

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Phenomenon of Sound

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Phenomenon of Sound

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Inclined incidence(not at 90o )

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Sine R Vel in Material 2

Sine I Vel in Material 1

Sine R Vel in Material 2

Sine 48.3 5960

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Sine I Vel in Material 1

Sine R Vel in Material 2

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

When an incident beam of sound

There may be more than one waveform

When a waveform changes

Up to a point where the

This happens at the

FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE

1st Critical Angle

Compression wave refracted

2nd Critical Angle