Digital Modulation Techniques

Digital modulation
techniques

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

In ASK, the two binary values are represented by to
different amplitudes of the carrier frequency
The resulting modulated signal for one bit time is
A cos(2f c t ), binary 1
s (t )
binary 0
0,

Susceptible to noise
Inefficient modulation technique
used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
very high speeds over optical fiber
05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

The most common form of FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK)
Two binary values represented by two different
frequencies ( f1 and f2 )
A cos( 2f1t ), binary 1
s (t )
A cos( 2f 2t ), binary 0

f2

f2

f1

f1

f2

f1

f2

f2

f2

f1

f2

less susceptible to noise than ASK

used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
high frequency radio (3 to 30MHz)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
even higher frequency on LANs05/10/16
usingCOMMUNICATION
coaxial cable

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data
Binary PSK (BPSK): two phases represent two
binary digits
binary 1
A cos(2f c t ),
s (t )

A cos( 2f c t ), binary 0
binary 1
A cos( 2f c t ),

A cos(2f c t ), binary 0
Ad (t ) cos( 2f c t ),

d (t ) 1

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

Differential PSK (DPSK)

In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the previous bit
transmitted rather than to some constant reference signal
Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as the previous one
Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding one

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK

(QPSK)

More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element

represents more than one bit

eg. shifts of /2 (90o)

each signal element represents two bits
split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the carrier

A cos( 2f c t 4 )

3
A cos(2f c t
)

4
s (t )
3
A cos( 2f c t
)
4

A cos( 2f c t 4 )

11

01

00

10

can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude

AND DIGITAL
9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, fourANALOG
of which
have two
05/10/16 COMMUNICATION

QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

Modulators

QPSK :
OQPSK :

1
1
I (t ) cos( 2f c t )
Q (t ) sin( 2f c t )
2
2
1
1
s (t )
I (t ) cos( 2f c t )
Q (t Tb ) sin( 2f c t )
2
2ANALOG AND DIGITAL
s (t )

05/10/16

COMMUNICATION

Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK

and MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
ASK/PSK:
MPSK:

data rate
R
1

,
transmission bandwidth BT 1 r

R log 2 M

,
BT
1 r

0 r 1

M : number of different signal elements

R
log 2 M

MFSK:
BT (1 r ) M

Bit Error Rate (BER)

bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to
ASK and FSK

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

05/10/16

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QAM)
QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL) and some wireless standards
combination of ASK and PSK
logical extension of QPSK
send two different signals simultaneously on
same carrier frequency
use two copies of carrier, one shifted by 90
each carrier is ASK modulated

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

10

QAM modulator

QAM :

s (t ) d1 (t ) cos( 2f c t ) d 2 (t ) sin( 2f c t )


ASK

ASK

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

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QAM Variants
Two level ASK (two different amplitude levels)
each of two streams in one of two states
four state system
essentially QPSK

Four level ASK (four different amplitude levels)

combined stream in one of 16 states

Have 64 and 256 state systems

Improved data rate for given bandwidth
but increased potential error rate
05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

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