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Enzymes are.
biological catalyst which speed up Rx by
lowering the Activation Energy
proteins
not used up in the reaction
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes are
globular proteins
small, compact, strong with a unique 3-D
shape
Have a special pocket called
active site
Active Site
Substrate
Enzyme Rx
Formation of the enzyme substrate (ES)
complex weakens covalent bonds in the
substrate
E + S
ES
EP
E + P
E = enzyme
S = substrate
P = product
Enzyme Naming
Most end with ase
Reflect substrate or reaction types:
amylase, oxidase
Older enzyme names often end in in
Ex: pepsin, rennin, trypsin
Enzyme Rx classifications
Anabolic reactions
Synthesis of complex substances from simple
building blocks (growth, repair)
a)Amino Acids Polypeptides Proteins
b)Monosaccharides Disacchar.Polysacch.
c)FA+ Glycerol Lipid
Catabolic reactions
Breakdown of complex substance into building
blocks (digestion, removal of old macromol.)
a)Proteins Polypeptides Aminoacids
b)Polysaccharides Disacchar.Monosacch.
c) Lipid FA + Glycerol
Reaction Pathways
Most enzymes do not catalyze a stand-alone
Rx
They are part of greater pathway E1, E2, E3
The product of Rx 1 is the substrate for Rx 2
E1
E2
E3
A
B
C
D --Rx1
Rx2 Rx3
Chapter 16.8
Factors Affecting Enzyme
Activity
SWBAT:
Describe the effect of temperature, pH, concentration
of
Temperature
Too high: denaturation, loss of 3D (often
reversible if not too high!)
Too low: slow Rx rates
Optimum Temperature depends on species:
Mammals: 37C
Thermophile bacteria: 80-90oC (thermal springs)
Arctic flies: 5oC temperature
pH
Optimum pH depends on natural enzyme
environment
Too high/low denatures enzyme and/or affects
2o,3o,4o structure/active site (ionic bds, H-bonds)
Tissue and blood enzymes: pH 7.4
Stomach enzyme (pepsin) : pH 2.0
Pancreatic enzyme (trypsin): pH 8.0
pH (cont.)
Vmax
All enzyme molecules work at max speed,
adding more substrate does not increase
rate
Animation
Animation comparing
Enzymes
Substrates
Inhibitors
Temperature
pH
Link to animation
Enzyme Inhibitor
Competitive Inhibition
Non-Competitive Inhibition
Enzyme Cofactors
Complex enzymes: require cofactors:
metal ions
Metal ions: Cu2+, Fe2+/3+, Zn2+, Mg2+,
Mn2+, Ni2+ - (food)
Enzymes of the electron transport chain in
mitochondrial membranes: oxidorecutases
Enzyme without the cofactor: apoenzyme
Enzyme with cofactor bound: holoenzyme
Cofactor function
B. Casein
Main protein in mammalian milk, highest in
cows milk (80%)
Adults can be allergic to casein (just like with
lactose)
Animal experiments show a correlation of high
casein intake and cancer development
Population studies from China (China Study)
and Norway (WWII) correlate significant lower
rates of breast and prostate cancer in dairy free
populations.
Protein Diseases
Mad Cow Disease (Creutzfeldt-Jacob D):
food chain infection form diseased
animals
One form of Alzheimers
Huntingtons
Parkinsons