Dr. Senthilmurugan S.

Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Guwahati - Part 3

Heat Conduction

Basic equations of one-dimensional, twodimensional and three-dimensional

conduction

Objectives

5/12/16 | Slide 2

Derive basic equations for conduction heat transfer

One dimensional
Two-dimensional
Three-dimensional conduction
Boundary and initial conditions to solve basic
equations for conduction heat transfer

One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Unsteady State and Constant Heat Transfer Area

Let is consider consider the general

case where the temperature may be
changing with time and heat sources
may be present within the body.
For the element of thickness dx, the
following energy balance may be made:
Energy conducted in left face + heat
generated within element = change in
internal energy + energy conducted out
right face

Elemental volume for one-dimensional

heat conduction analysis

Energy in left face

Energy generated within element=
= energy generated per unit volume, W/m3
5/12/16 | Slide 3

One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Unsteady State and Constant Heat Transfer Area
c= specific heat of material, J/kg C
= density, kg/m3

Change in internal energy

Energy out right face

Taylor series expansion (first two term)

Combining the relations above gives

one-dimensional heat-conduction equation

When k constant
5/12/16 | Slide 4

Three - Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

For constant thermal conductivity,
The energy balance yields

5/12/16 | Slide 5

Three - Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

For constant thermal conductivity,

When k constant
5/12/16 | Slide 6

Three - Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Cylindrical Coordinates

5/12/16 | Slide 7

Three - Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Spherical Coordinates

x
5/12/16 | Slide 8

Heat Conduction Equation

Multiple cases

Steady-state one-dimensional heat flow

(no heat generation):

Two-dimensional steady-state
conduction without heat sources

Steady-state one-dimensional heat flow

in cylindrical coordinates (no heat
generation):

q constant

Steady-state one-dimensional heat flow

with heat sources:

5/12/16 | Slide 9

Boundary conditions
Solve basic equations for conduction heat transfer

To determine temperature distribution

along coordinates, one has to solve
appropriate heat conduction equation.
Steady state : Three dimensional Heat
Conduction Equation is solved along with
boundary conditions
Transient condition : Three dimensional
Heat Conduction Equation is solved along
Initial condition of the system and
boundary condition.
Since heat equation is second order in
spatial coordinates, two boundary
conditions must be expressed for each
coordinates needed to be described for
given system.
One initial condition is must first order
with respect to time depended

5/12/16 | Slide 10

In general three kind of boundary

conditions commonly encountered in heat
transfer applications
Dirichlet condition : The condition are
specified at the surface.
T(0,t)=Ts (constant surface
temperature)
Interface Boundary Conditions
Neumann condition: Constant surface
heat flux
Finite heat flux
Adiabatic or insulated surface
Thermal symmetry
Third kind of condition: Existence of
convection, radiation or combined mode
of heat transfer at surface

5/12/16 | Slide 11

Variation in Thermal Conductivity

When the variation of thermal conductivity

with temperature k(T) is known, the
average value of the thermal conductivity
in the temperature range between T1 and
T2 can be determined from

This relation is based on the requirement

that the rate of heat transfer through a
medium with constant average thermal
conductivity kavg equals the rate of heat
transfer through the same medium with
variable conductivity k(T).

5/12/16 | Slide 12

When thermal conductivity is constant

then kavg = k
When k(T) is linear function of
temperature

is called the temperature

coefficient of thermal
conductivity
Then the average thermal conductivity
in this case is equal to the thermal
conductivity value at the average
temperature.

The variation of temperature in a plane wall during

steady one-dimensional heat conduction for the cases
of constant and variable thermal conductivity

5/12/16 | Slide 13

We have mentioned earlier that in a

plane wall the temperature varies
linearly during steady one-dimensional
heat conduction when the thermal
conductivity is constant.
But this is no longer the case when the
thermal conductivity changes with
temperature, even linearly

Steady State Heat Conduction

One Dimension & Constant Area

If the system is in a steady state, i.e., if

the temperature does not change with
time, then the problem is a simple one,
and we need only integrate Fouriers law
of heat conduction equation and
substitute the appropriate values to
solve for the desired quantity.

When k is constant

5/12/16 | Slide 14

Steady State Heat Conduction

One Dimension & Constant Area

If the system is in a steady state, i.e., if

the temperature does not change with
time, then the problem is a simple one,
and we need only integrate Fouriers law
of heat conduction equation and
substitute the appropriate values to
solve for the desired quantity.

When k = f(T) = ko(1+T)

5/12/16 | Slide 15

Importance on including k as function of temperature

T1=200 C

Aluminium
Bar

x = 1m
Assumption k is constant

Aluminium Thermal conductivity*

300

T2 = 50 C

250

k0 =195.21, = 0.001153
f(x)
+ 206.41
f(x) =
= 0x^2
0.23x- +0.09x
195.21

200

Kavg=227.5 w/m C ( 2point)

150
Thermal
Conductivity w/m2 C
2 ~
nd
= 34125 w/m 10 % deviation from 2 order
Kavg= 223.3 w/m C ( 3 point)
100
= 33500 w/m2 ~12 % deviation from 2nd order
50
Assumption k varies with temperature
first order polynomial
0
0

50

100

150

200

Temperature C

= 33500 w/m2 , k =f(T) 1st order polynomial

= 37917 w/m2 , k =f(T) 2nd order polynomial

12% deviation from 2nd order

5/12/16 | Slide 16

*Soure: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

250