REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

By Assoc.Prof Dr.Mohd Noor Abd.Wahab

Sub-topic
Mold-Yeast

Dimorphism
Asexual Reproduction of Fungi
Sexual Reproduction of Fungi

Mold-Yeast Dimorphism

Fungi Reproduction

Mold-Yeast Dimorphism

Some fungi have the ability to alternate between a mold form and a that of a
yeast form -dimorphic fungi

Dimorphism occurs in response to environmental factors, of which no one

common factor regulates the morphological switch in all dimorphic fungi.

e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum - mold at 25C, yeast at 37C

e.g., Mucor rouxii - mold with the presence of oxygen, yeast in the absence
of oxygen

Differences in cellular signaling and

regulatory factors
Environmental

signals often affect cellular behavior through a

signal transduction pathway leading to altered metabolism or
gene expression.

The

intracellular factors involve in this include calcium and

calcium-binding proteins, pH, and cyclic AMP.

intracellular

signaling compounds are associated with phase

transitions, as messengers and mediators.

Mold form :

growth in mold form occurs

by production of multicellular
filamentous colonies. These
colonies consists of
branching cylindric tubules
called hyphae.
The mass of intertwined
hyphae that accumulates
during active growth is a
mycelium.

 Yeast form

: Yeast are unicellular form of fungi

and they reproduce by budding
(eg:Crypotococcus and candida)

To identify the control of the

dimorphic switch
To identify

the basis of dimorphism

-grow a fungus in condition that are nearly as identical
as possible except for one factor that changes the
growth form.

Then

the populations of M(mycelial) and Y(yeast)

forms can be compared for their differences in
biochemistry, physiology, and gene expression.
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Biochemical composition
The

cell wall component

In Mucor rouxii the Y form has more mannose than the M form;
In Paracoccidioides brasiliensis the Y form has -1,3
glucan,whereas the M form has -1,3 glucan;
In Candida albicans the M form has more chitin than the Y
form;
In Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis the
M form has less chitin than the Y form.

Differences in gene expression

Differences

in gene expression in the M and Y phases

can be detected by extracting messenger RNA and
comparing the mRNA binding patterns by gel
electrophoresis.
In several cases it has been shown that a few
polypeptides are constantly associated with only the M
or the Y phase.

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Fungus

Conditions For
mycelial growth

Condition for yeast

-like growth

Histoplasma
capsulatum

20-25 C

37C

Blastomyces
dermatitidis

20-25 C

37C

Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis

20-25 C

37C

Sporothrix schenckii

20-25 C

37C

Coccidioides immitis

20-25 C

37C

Candida albicans

Low nutrient

High nutrient

Aeration

Anaerobiosis

High Calcium

Low Calcium

Human Pathogens

Saprotrophs
Mucor rouxii and some
Zygomycota
Plant pathogens
Ophiostoma ulmi
Phialophora asteris

Nitrogen

Flooding with water

Ustilago maydis

Dikaryon

Monokaryon

Insect pathogen

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Blastomyces dermatitidis
Specimen: Sputum
Stain: Gram Stain
Magnification: x1000

Histoplasma duboisii
Specimen: Bone
Stain: GMS
Magnification: x1000
Structure: Large cell size, oval
to spherical narrow attachment
creating "double cell or figure
eight" appearance.

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Histoplasma capsulatum
Stain: Lactophenol Analin Blue
(LPAB)
Magnification: x400

Blastomyces dermatitidisi
Specimen: Broncho alveolar
lavage (BAL)
Stain: Calcofluor White
Magnification: x400

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Asexual Reproduction of
Fungi

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Asexual reproduction of fungi

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Reproductive structures
reproduction in fungi occurs by spore
formation.
bacterial endospores survive adverse
environmental condition. It is also not
reproduction bcoz it does not increases the
total number of bacterial cells.

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fungal spore detach from parent

and germinates into a new mold
------ true reproductive spore = one
organism produce many spore.
but it do not exhibit the extreme
tolerance and longevity of bacterial
endospores.
by depending of species, it form from
the aerial mycelium.
can be asexual or asexual.

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Difference between sexual

and asexual spore
Sexual spore

Asexual spore

result from fusion

of nuclei from two
opposite mating
strain of same
species

form from aerial

mycelium of one
organism

have both genetic

character of
parental strain

when spore
germinate, It will
be identical with
parent
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Asexual spore

produce by an individual fungus through

mitosis and subsequent cell division

there is no fusion of the nuclei of cell

5 type :
~
~
~
~
~

arthrospore
chlamydospore
sporangiospore
conidiospore
blastospore
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Sporangiospores
is an asexual spore formed
within a sac at the tip of an
aerial hypha called
sporangiophore.
each sporangium can contain
hundreds of sporangiospores
eg ; rhizopus
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Conidiospore
is unicellular or
multicellular spore that is
not enclosed in sac
conidiospore produced in a
chain at the end of
conidiophore
eg ; Penicillium
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Arthrospores
is formed by the fragmentation of a
septate hypha into single , lightly
thickened cells
Eg: coccidioides immitis

Blastospores

consist of a bud coming off the

parent cell
Eg : some yeast

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Chlamydospores
a thick-walled spore formed
by rounding and enlargement
within a hyphal segment
Eg : Candida albicans

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Sexual Reproduction Of
Fungi
Chytridomycetes
2. Zygomycetes
3. Ascomycetes
4. Basidiomycetes
1.

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Sexual Reproduction of
Fungi

Sexual reproduction introduces the

possibility of variation into a population.
It is necessary to have two mating type
haploid nuclei (n + n), or a diploid (2n)
nucleus.
A diploid first, but once fused the nuclei
undergo meiosis, which is the
reduction division that potentially
brings about variation in the progeny.
Then, followed by the formation of
spores.
In most case, spores are resting spores
that can withstand adverse conditions.
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fungal sexual spore results from

sexual reprodution, which consist three
phase:
i. Plasmogamy : A haploid nucleus of a
donor cell (+) penetrate the cytoplasm
of a recipient cell (-).
ii.Karyogamy : The (+) and (-) nuclei
fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus
iii.Meoisis : The diploid nucleus gives rise
to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some
of which may be genetic recombinant.
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Sexual Spores
Chytridiomycota
Zygospores
Ascospores
Basidiospores

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Sexual Reproduction of
Chytridiomycetes

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Production

of diploid spores after

gametic or somatic fusion of two
different mating types.
The resulting spore may germinate to
produce a diploid vegetative mycelium.
It may undergo meiosis to produce a
haploid mycelium.
The diploid mycelium can also
produces resting sporangia in which
meiosis occurs, generating haploid
zoospores that germinate to produce
haploid vegetative mycelium.
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34

Sexual Reproduction of
Zygomycetes

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Occurs

if food ecomes scarce or

environmental condition become
unfavorable.
Requires compatible strains :
(+) mating strain
(-) mating strain
When the two mating strains are
closed, pheromones hormones
produced.
Cause their hyphae to
form projections called
progametangia that
mature to gametangia
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After

fusion of gametangia,

the
nuclei of
the two
gametes

fuse to form

a zygote

The

zygote develops a thick, rough,

black coat and become a dormant
zygospore.
Meiosis often occurs at the time of
germination.
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The

zygospore then splits open

and produces a hypha that bears
an asexual sporangium to begin
the cycle again.

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Sexual Reproduction Of
Ascomycetes

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Sexual reproduction in
Ascomycetes
- Sexual spores are produced in
small sac-like structure called
ascus.
- Sexual spores are produced on
ascus called ascospores.

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In

sexual reproduction, haploid mycelia

of opposite mating strains fuse.

In

this group of fungi there are no

specialized organs of hyphal fusion,
different mating type mycelia merely
fuse with each other to form dikaryons,
mycelia with two mating type nuclei
within it.

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The

dikaryotic mycelium can

differentiate to from varying amounts of
sterile mycelium around what is to
become the fertile tissue of the fruit
body.
In yeasts, a single, diploid yeast will
undergo meiosis, producing four haploid
progeny cells, but in more complex fungi
there are a sequence of cellular and
nucleic events that ensure an organized
fertile layer.
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Sexual Reproduction of
Ascomycetes

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Neurospora crassa

Sexual Reproduction of
Basidiomycetes

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Basidiomycetes
Most

complex and larger

structure
Rarely produce asexual spore
Sexual spores externally from
basidium
4 basidiospores in each basidium
Much of their life cycle spent as
vegetative mycelium, exploiting
complex substrate
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Life Cycle of
Basidiomycetes
Haploid

basidiospores germinate,
grow into short-lived mycelia
Undifferentiated hyphae from 2
haploid mycelia of opposite
mating type undergo plasmogamy
Form dikaryotic mycelium
Grows up into a fungi capable of
creating its own
mushrooms(fruiting structure).
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 The

mycelium of the mushroom forms mycorrhizae

with trees.

Environmental

factors such as rain, temperature

changes, and, for mycorrhizal species, seasonal
changes in the plant host, induce the dikaryotic
mycelium to form compact masses that develop
into mushrooms (fruiting structure).

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Karyogamy

occurs in the terminal dikaryotic

cells that line the surfaces of the gills.

Each

cell swells to form a diploid basidium,

which rapidly undergoes meiosis and yields
four haploid nuclei.

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The

basidium then grows four appendages,

and one haploid nucleus enters each
appendage and develops into a
basidiospore.

Mature

basidiospores are often discharged

explosively when raindrop or an animal
touches the mushroom.

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Conclusion
Yeast-mold

dimorphism
i. Environmental factor
ii. Intercellular factor
Asexual Reproduction
i. Budding
ii. Fission
iii. Hyphae fragmentation
iv. Spore formation (5 types)
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Sexual

Reproduction
i. Plasmogamy
ii. Karyogamy
iii. Meiosis

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