GSM Radio If Kasera Ashish Apr04

Agenda
GSM Architecture
GSM Procedures
Entities
Mobility Management
Interfaces
Call Handing
Protocol Architecture
Security Management
Supplementary Services
GSM Protocols
Um Protocols
Abis Protocols
A Interface Protocols
CN Protocols
Other Protocols
Conclusion
GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish
Topics Covered
GSM Air Interface
Multiple Access Scheme
Logical Channels
Control channels
Traffic Channels
GSM Bursts
GSM L1 Functionality
Multiple Access Scheme (1/8)

The radio interface is the interface between the mobile
stations and the BTS
The Multiple Access Scheme defines how the GSM
radio frequency can be shared by different
simultaneous communication between different mobile
stations
GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Each user is given a pair of frequencies (one for uplink
and one for downlink) and a time slot during a time
frame
Frequency Allocation (2/7)
FDMA and TDMA (3/8)

FDMA divides the frequency spectrum into small slices
Carrier Separation is 200 kHz, which provides:
124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band
374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band
299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band, etc.)
TDMA divides each channel into 8 timeslots such that each
carrier is shared by 8 users
The basic radio resource is a time slot with a duration of
577 s
8 Timeslots of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA Frame
FDMA and TDMA (4/8)
The start of a TDMA frame on uplink is delayed by a

fixed time (Three TS periods)
The reason for this delay is to allow the same TS
number to be used in both uplink and downlink
directions without requiring the MS to receive and
transmit simultaneously
Timeslot and TDMA Frame (5/8)
Hyper, Super & Multiframes (6/8)
In a GSM system, every TDMA frame is assigned a fixed number,

which repeats itself in a time period of 3 hours, 28 minutes, 53
seconds, and 760 milliseconds. This time period is referred to as
hyperframe
There are two types of multiframes in the system:
26 frame multiframe with a duration of 120 ms
Consists 26 TDMA frames.
Used to carry the logical channels TCH, SACCH and
FACCH.
51 frame multiframe with a duration of 235.4 ms
Consists 51 TDMA frames
Used to carry the logical channels FCCH, SCH, BCCH,
CCCH, SDCCH, SACCH etc.
Superframe consists of 51 (26 frame Multiframes) or 26 (51 frame

Multiframes) with a duration of 6.12 seconds.
A Hyperframe consists of 2048 superframes
Frame number is generated by BTS. BTS broadcast current frame
number 5 times in 51 frame multiframe
The frame hierarchy is used for synchronization between BTS and
MS
Topics Covered
GSM Air Interface
Logical Channels
Control channels
Traffic Channels
GSM Bursts
Logical Channels
Tasks performed in GSM are supported by number of
functional channels known as logical channels
Different logical channels are mapped in either
direction on Physical Channels
The logical channels carrying control information are
generally mapped on to one or two timeslots of one
carrier (Known as BCCH Frequency) in a cell
The remaining "logical channels" are used to carry
traffic
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
FULL RATE
22.8 Kb/S
SIGNALLING
HALF RATE
11.4 Kb/S
BROADCAST
FCCH
SCH
COMMON CONTROL
DEDICATED CONTROL
BCCH
PCH
FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL

SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL
RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL
SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
DOWN LINK ONLY

UPLINK ONLY
FACCH
BOTH UP &
DOWNLINKS
Broadcast Channels (1/6)

Logical channels
Control channels
Traffic channels
BCH
FCCH
BCCH
SCH

Frequency correction channel - FCCH
One way channel operating in forward direction and
using frequency correction burst format
Bears information for Frequency Synchronization
142 all 0 bits in this burst causes GMSK modulator to
deliver an unmodulated carrier for the entire duration
of the timeslot
Upon detecting this sine wave the MS can adjust its
frequency reference appropriately

Synchronization channel (SCH)
One way channel operating in forward direction and using
the synchronization burst format
Contains information for timing synchronization (Frame
Number) and BTS Identification
Raw Data information for SCH is of 89 bits
64 bits are same for each cell and helps them to
achieve timing synchronization. These are mapped onto
the synchronization field of synchronization burst format
6 bits are for the identification of BTS and mapped on
BSIC
19 bits represent the TDMA frame number

35
78
89 bit
raw
msg
CRC
Encoder
+ 10 bits
Convoluti
on
Encoder
64
Synchronization
field
Data Field

Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
One way channel operating in the forward direction and
using the normal burst format
BCCH Occur in timeslot 0 of some specific carriers
known as BCCH carriers
After locking on to the frequency and frame structure in
the cell, MS needs some more general information
broadcast on the BCCH for call setup purposes
Cell Identity
Network Identity
Control Channel structure
BCCH Frequencies of neighboring cells

Raw Data information for BCCH is of 184 bits,
protected by an error correcting block code (which
means adding 40 more bits)
224 bits are convolution encoded yielding 456 bits
456 bits are split into 4x114 bits and sent in 4 timeslots
224
184 bit
raw msg
fire
Encoder
(+40 bits)
456
Convolution
Encoder
Data Field
Common Control Channels (1/4)

Control channels
DCCH
BCH
CCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
Paging channel PCH

One way channel operating in the forward direction
and using the normal burst format
Mobile subscribers are paged this channel for
incoming calls or short messages
Every MS in a cell periodically listen to this channel
Uses same coding scheme as used for BCCH

Random access channel RACH
One way channel operating in the reverse direction
and using the access burst format
When MS wants to initiate dialogue with network,
this channel is used to send request to network for
a dedicated resource
The actual communication between the MS and
the network will takes place later on the dedicated
channel.
If the request is not granted within a specific time
period, the MS repeats the request on RACH.

Access grant channel - AGCH
AGCH is a one way channel operating in forward
direction and using the normal burst format
In response to requests from different MS on
RACH, the network allocates a specific dedicated
signaling channel (SDCCH) against each request
for further communication.
The response to the request is sent on AGCH.
Uses same coding scheme as used for BCCH
Dedicated Control Channels (1/5)

Control channels
DCCH
CCCH
BCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH

Stand alone-dedicated control channel - SDCCH
Two way channel using normal burst format
As per the allocation conveyed over the AGCH,
both the MS & the BTS switch over to the
assigned SDCCH for a further communication
The Following tasks require the use of SDCCH
Location Updates
Call Setup
SMS
Uses the same coding scheme as used by BCCH

Slow associated control channel - SACCH
Two way channel using normal burst format
SACCH is always associated with TCH or SDCCH
When associated with a TCH, the SACCH occurs
in 12 or 25 frame of each 26-frame multi frame
Each message comprises of 456 bits so 4
multi frames are required to transmit a
message

Used to convey the periodic carrier-signal strength
measurements to the network
While an MS is busy on a call over a traffic
channel (TCH) or in communication with MSC on
the SDCCH, MS takes periodic carrier-signal
strength measurements on own base station &
neighboring base stations.
Based on the analysis of measurements taken by
BTS & the MS, the BSC conveys information on
timing advance & MS transmitter power control

Fast associated control channel - FACCH
FACCH is a two way channel using normal burst
format
FACCH can be associated with SDCCH or TCH
FACCH works on the principle of stealing (The
burst of speech is replaced by FACCH signaling)
FACCH is used to convey
Handover information
Traffic Channels
There are two type of Traffic Channels
Full Rate Traffic Channel
This channel carries information at rate of 22.8 Kbps
Half Rate Traffic Channel

This channel carries information at rate of 11.4 Kbps
Mapping of logical Channels
Generally two configurations are mainly used

FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
Addresses a channel configuration in which no SDCCH
are available on TS 0.
In this case SDCCH sub channels are defined on TS 1
Rest of the TS are used by Traffic channels
FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4
addresses a channel configuration in which all control
channels are assigned to TS 0
In this case TS1 is also available for Traffic channels
Mapping of logical Channels

The downlink direction of TS 0 of the BCCH-TRX is
used by various channels.
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Four SDCCH sub channels (optional);
CCCH
This use is possible because the logical channels can
time-share TS 0 in different TDMA frames of 51 frame
Multi frame
Mapping of Broadcast and Common

Control Channels
TDMA frame - 4.615 ms
0
BB

6
Multiplexing of Broadcast and Common Control Channel on TS 0 of radio frequency C0 (Downlink)
Multiplexing of FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH on TS

0 of radio frequency C0 (51 Frame Multiframe)
Cycle of 51 TDMA frame (0-50), The structure is
repeated after IDLE frame
It contains one block of 4 frames for BCCH and 9
Blocks of 4 frames for CCCH (AGCH/PCH)
Mapping of RACH on Uplink

0

6
Each burst on the uplink is a RACH

Timeslot 0, C0, uplink
In the Uplink direction TS0 on carrier frequency C0 is

used to access the network
Only RACH is sent on this timeslot in uplink direction
Mapping of Dedicated Control Channels

1
2 3
4
5
6
D0

1
2 3
4
5
6
0
D7
D0
A0
D7
A4
1
A3
A7
I
I
A5
A7
D0
D7
A0
A1
A3
D0
D7
A4
Multiplexing of Dedicated Control Channel on TS 1 of radio frequency C0
(SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8) The Structure is cyclic over 102 frames

Uplink and downlink patterns are time shifted so that SDCCH sub
channel 0 is sent in frames 0-3 in downlink and in frames15-18 in
uplink
To give sufficient time to MS to calculate answers to the request
received on downlink
8 MS can share this timeslot simultaneously
Mapping of TCH on Timeslots

0

6
TDMA fra
6
Multiplexing of Dedicated Control Channel on TS 2 of radio frequency C0
(TCH/F + SACCH/TF + FACCH/F) The Structure is

cyclic over 26 frames
TCH are mapped together with SACCH
FACCH is also used together with TCH/F.
FACCH works in stealing mode (The speech burst
are replaced by FACCH signaling)
Topics Covered
GSM Air Interface
Logical Channels
Control channels
Traffic Channels
GSM Bursts
GSM Bursts
Burst define a format in which a particular information is
transmitted on TS (The physical content of TS is called a
burst)
The time interval of a TS corresponds to 156.25 bits
These bits are divided into different parts depending on
the type of burst
There are 5 types of bursts in GSM
Normal Burst
Frequency Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst
Access Burst
Dummy Burst
Normal Burst
Tail
3
Data
57
Flag
1
Training
26
Flag
1
Data
57
Tail
3
Guard
8.25
Normal Burst
Used to carry Traffic or control information

Tail bits are sequence of zero bits to indicate the start and the
end of burst
Data bits carries Traffic or control information
Training bits carries a training sequence used by adaptive
equalizer to estimate the channel
Flag bit indicates type of information being transmitted (User
info/signaling info (TCH or FACCH)
Guard bits are used to avoid overlapping between adjacent
timeslots

Tail
3
All zeros
142
Tail
3
Guard
8.25
This burst format is used in downlink direction on

FCCH for frequency synchronization of MS
Contains a sequence of 142 zeros
After modulation the resulting signal is pure sine wave
Tail bits are sequence of zero bits to indicate the start
and the end of burst
Tail
3
Data
39
Synchronization
64
Data
39
Tail
3
Guard
8.25
This burst format is used in downlink direction on SCH

for time synchronization of MS
Carries BSIC and FN in data field
Contains a long Training sequence (synchronization
field)
Access Burst
Tail
8
Synchronization
41
Data
36
Tail
3
Guard
68.25
Access Burst
This burst format is used in Uplink direction on RACH to

access the network
Long guard period ensures that the mobile
transmissions from all parts of the cell arrive at the BTS
within the duration of the burst
Dummy Burst
Tail
3
Mixed
58
Training
26
Mixed
58
Tail
3
Guard
8.25
Dummy Burst
BTS always transmit on C0 (BCCH frequency in the cell)

to enable MS to perform power measurements
continuously
The power measurements are useful to select the BTS
for initial access or for Handover
In order to achieve this dummy burst are transmitted on
C0 when no other burst is transmitted on C0
Dummy Bursts are transmitted with a pre-defined
sequence of fixed bits
Topics Covered
GSM Air Interface
Logical Channels
Control channels
Traffic Channels
GSM Bursts
Layer 1 Functionality (1/2)

Functions that are necessary to transfer bit streams
on physical media (I.e. the air interface)
Step 1: Voice Encoding
Step 2: Channel Coding (block, conv.)
Step 3: Interleaving and Burst Generation
Step 4: Ciphering
Step 5: Modulation and Amplification
Layer 1 Functionality (2/2)

Info bits
transmit
Code 1
(block)
(1)
Code 2
(conv)
(2)
Reordering
and
partitioning
Interleaving
(3)
Rec. 05.03
(4)
Burst
building
Burst
multiplex
Encryption
unit
(5)
Differential
encoding
GMSK
Modulation
Rec. 05.02
Rec. 05.04
Transmitter
Air
Interface
Antenna
Transmitter
(6) Information bits receive
Rec. 05.05
Step1: Speech Encoding

GSM is a digital system, so speech which is inherently
analog, has to be digitized.
The method employed by current telephone systems for
multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks is pulse
coded modulation (PCM).
The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a rate to be
feasible over a radio link.
Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples, each of which
is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13 kbps.
The speech coding algorithm used is called the Regular
pulse excited -- linear predictive coder (RPE--LPC) with a
long term predictor loop. (GSM 06.10)
Step 2: Channel Coding

Channel coding is used to detect and correct bit errors in the
received bit stream. That is, it reduces the Bit Error Rate (BER).
In order to achieve this, redundancy is added to the information.
Coding means adding some redundant information calculated
from the information source.
During decoding, the redundancy is used to detect the presence
of errors.
Errors are detected when transmitted redundancy is different
from the one calculated with received data.
Two forms of channel coding schemes are used in GSM:
Block coding
Convolution coding
Step 2a: Block Coding

For block codes, the information is divided into blocks
of equal length. According to a specific algorithm a
number of redundant bits are added to these blocks.
The block code used for full rate speech coding in the
GSM systems uses 3 redundant bits and can detect
any single bit error in each block of 50 information
bits.
Step 2b: Convolution Coding
In Convolution coding, the data is divided into much smaller

blocks that are called information frames.
The information frames typically contain no more than a few
symbols, which are encoded into code word frames.
This procedure results in successive code word frames coupled
together by the encoding procedure. The codes that are
obtained in this way are called tree codes.
The most important tree codes are known as convolution codes.
Convolution codes are tree codes that satisfy certain additional
linearity and time invariance properties.
Step 3: Interleaving
Channel coding and particularly convolution coding is
most effective in detecting and correcting single
random errors.
Bit errors often occur in groups (burst errors). This is
especially true in a mobile telephony system where
long fading dips affect several consecutive bits.
The interleaving method deals with this problem.
It separates consecutive bits of a message, so that the
bits can be sent in a non-consecutive way.
If a burst of errors occurs in this non-consecutive
sequence, it leads to separated single errors after the
burst is reordered.
Step 3: Interleaving
Take a message block consisting of four names each containing

four letters.This information is read into a matrix of four rows and
four columns. When the information is read out, it is organized by
columns so that the first letter in every name is transmitted first, the
second letter is transmitted second, etc. During the transmission,
frame 2 for example is lost. Without interleaving, the entire name
would be lost. With interleaving, only one letter in each name is lost.
The channel decoder can then correct this one error.
Channel Coding of Speech (1/3)

The full rate speech coder delivers a block of 260 bits every
20 ms to the channel coder.
The 260 bits are divided into three classes. This division is
made according to the importance of the bits:
Class Ia 50 bits - most sensitive to bit errors.
Class Ib 132 bits - moderately sensitive to bit errors.
Class II 78 bits - least sensitive to bit errors.
Class Ia bits have a 3 bit cyclic redundancy code added for
error detection = 50+3 bits.

132 class Ib bits with 4 bit tail sequence = 132 + 4 =
136.
Class Ia + class Ib = 53+136=189, input into a 1/2
rate convolution encoder
The convolution encoder thus outputs 378 bits, to
which are added the 78 remaining class II bits
Thus every 20 ms speech sample 260bits of actual
information is encoded as 456 bits, giving a bit rate of
22.8 kbps
50 Very Imp. bits
Block
Coder
132 important + 4 tail bits
53
Convolution
coder
(53 + 136 = 189)
converted into 378 bits
(378 + 78 = 456)
78 not so important bits
Prioritization of Speech Information
456 bits
Interleaving of Speech (1/3)

1
9
17
25
.
.
.
.
.
.
441
449
2
10
18
26
.
.
.
.
.
.
442
450
3
11
19
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
443
451
4
12
20
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
444
452
5
13
21
29
.
.
.
.
.
.
445
453
6
14
22
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
446
454
7
15
23
31
.
.
.
.
.
.
447
455
8
16
24
32
.
.
.
.
.
.
448
456
8 segments of 57 bits each
First Level Of Interleaving
The 456 coded bits are reordered & interleaved over 8

half bursts.
Each Half burst contains 57 bits

The second level of interleaving is performed by interleaving
two blocks of 20 ms of speech
Each 20 ms block yields 456 coded bits, ordered in 8 subblocks of 57 bits.
The first sub-block from block B is then interleaved in the
same burst as the fifth sub-block from block A.
This interleaving is made on a per bit basis, The bits from
block B1 occupy all odd numbered positions in the two half
bursts, and the bits from A5 occupy all even numbered
positions
Modulation
GSM Uses GMSK (Gaussian Phase Shift Keying)
modulation scheme
Refer GSM Spec 05.04 for details
References
GSM 05.01 (General Description and concepts)

GSM 05.02 (Describes logical channels)
GSM 05.03 (Error detection and correction)
GSM 05.04 (GSMK Modulation/demodulation)

GSM Radio If Kasera Ashish Apr04

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Agenda

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Multiple Access Scheme (1/8)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Frequency Allocation (2/7)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

FDMA and TDMA (3/8)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

FDMA and TDMA (4/8)

The start of a TDMA frame on uplink is delayed by a

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Timeslot and TDMA Frame (5/8)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Hyper, Super & Multiframes (6/8)

In a GSM system, every TDMA frame is assigned a fixed number,

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Hyper, Super & Multiframes (7/8)

Superframe consists of 51 (26 frame Multiframes) or 26 (51 frame

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Hyper, Super & Multiframes (8/8)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

DOWN LINK ONLY

Broadcast Channels (1/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Broadcast Channels (2/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Broadcast Channels (3/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Broadcast Channels (4/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Broadcast Channels (5/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Broadcast Channels (6/6)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Common Control Channels (1/4)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Common Control Channels (2/4)

Paging channel PCH

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Common Control Channels (3/4)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Common Control Channels (4/4)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Dedicated Control Channels (1/5)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Dedicated Control Channels (2/5)

Dedicated Control Channels (3/5)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Dedicated Control Channels (4/5)

Dedicated Control Channels (5/5)

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Half Rate Traffic Channel

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Mapping of logical Channels

Generally two configurations are mainly used

GSM Training: By Sumit Kasera and Ashish

Mapping of logical Channels