PENDAHULUAN

MIKROBIOLOGI

dr.Dedeh Kurniasih
Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK UMP

Tujuan pembelajaran

Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme

Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam
bidang mikrobiologi
Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai
penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch)
Menjelaskan perbandingan organisme
eukariotik dan prokariotik

Reference

Jawetz, Melnick& Adelbergs Medical Microbiology,

25th Editiion by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll,
Janet S. Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill,
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran, Edisi Revisi, Pengarang
Staf Pengajar FK UI, Binarupa Aksara.
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Microbiology 2nd
edition by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe,
Bruce D. Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Medical Microbiology by FH Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J.
Eckert, R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.

Microbiology defined

The study of microorganisms, where the individual

cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the unaided
human eye'
That is, we need to use specialized detection
systems-usually optical instruments termed
microscopes.
There are 2 main type of microscopes in use:
Bright field microscope: 1000 times
Electron microscope: 10 times

What is microbiology?

Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology
Immunology
Parasitology

Mikroorganisme Bagi Kehidupan

Manusia

Mikroorganisme/mikroba : organisme hidup yg

berukuran sgt kecil dan hanya dapat diamati dg
mikroskop
Mikroorganisme ada yg uniseluler dan ada yg
multiseluler
Contoh mikroorganisme : bakteri, virus, fungi, alga
mikroskopis, protozoa.
Mikroorganisme cenderung diasosiasikan dg
penyakit infeksi/pembusukan makanan
Mikroorganisme alami dlm tubuhflora normal

Comparison of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells
Characteristic

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Chromosome

Single, circular

Multiple

Nucleus

No nuclear membrane or
nucleoli

Membrane-bound, nucleoli
present

Membrane-bound
organelles

Not present

Present (examples include

mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum)

Cell wall

Usually present, many contain

peptidoglycan

Present in plant cells, no

peptidoglycan

Plasma
membrane

No carbohydrates, most lack

sterols

Sterol and carbohydrates

present

Ribosome

70S

80S

Average size

0,2-2 m in diameter

10-100 m in diameter

Replication

Binary fission

Budding or mitosis

Procaryotes

Procaryotes (refers
mainly to the bacteria)
No nucleus
Generally circular DNA
genome
+/- cell wall
Can have
extracrosomal DNA
DNA without introns
Haploid (chromosome)
Binary division

Eucaryotes

Eucaryotes (include
fungi, protozoa,
helminth)
Have nucleus
Other membrane
organelles
Diploid chromosomes
Mitotic & meiotic
division
Have introns and
exons

BACTERIA

Reproduce asexually by binary

transverse fission.
Do not possess the nucleus typical of
eucaryotic microorganisms.
The cell walls of these organisms are
rigid (with some exceptions, e.g., the
mycoplasma).

ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites that are
able to reproduce only in living cells.
Found in two stages: the infectious,
nonreproductive particles called
elementary bodies ( 0.3 m) and the
noninfectious, intracytoplasmic,
reproductive forms known as initial (or
reticulate) bodies ( 1 m).

ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular parasites.
Rod shaped to coccoid.
Reproduce by binary transverse fission.
The diameter of the individual cell is
from 0.31 m.
Have cell wall like bacteria

Virus

Contain only one type of nucleic acid,

either DNA or RNA
No enzymatic energy producing system
No protein synthesizing apparatus
Force infected host cells to synthesize
virus particles

A little History

Before about 1650 philosophers

believed in SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
Significant discoveries altered this
thinking.

Sejarah perkembangan
Mikrobiologi
Some of the key players were:
ANTHONY van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674. Mid 17th
Century probably 1st to observe microbes under
max. 200x magnification
Although Robert Hooke first to observe microbes
through magnification- Its thought he saw
protozoa (larger cells such as amoebae)

Pada thn 1858 ilmuwan Jerman bernama

Rudolf Virchow mengemukakan teori
biogenesis, yg menyatakan bahwa semua
sel hidup hanya dapat timbul dari sel hidup
yg ada sebelumnya

LOUIS PASTEUR :

Demonstrated by the use

of sterile media that
microbes were in fact
present in air
And that air does not
create microbes
Used broths in flasks and
S funneled microbial trap
experiments prove that
Spontaneous Generation
is wrong.
Fermentation
Pasteurization

Joseph LISTER (1860)

Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which lead

to its general adoption

ROBERT KOCH (1876)

Prove that specific

infectious diseases
were caused by
specific organisms.
Experiments with the
very lethal disease
(especially of cattle)
anthrax
Discover the Koch
bacilli (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) 1882

KOCHS POSTULATES
1.
2.
3.

4.

The same 'pathogen' must be present in

every case of the disease
The pathogen must be isolated from the
diseased host and grown in pure culture
The pathogen when inoculated into a
susceptible uninfected host causes the
disease
The pathogen must be re-isolated in
pure culture from the inoculated animal

Edward Jenner, 1796 First successful

vaccination
Relationship of cowpox to smallpox
Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality
Viremia followed by death
Last naturally occurring case in Africa, 1976
Role of WHO in smallpox eradication
Possible because humans are the only
smallpox host.

Griffith 1928 Experiment to determine

which part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused
the disease.
1944 Genetic material is DNA, not the
capsule, not the cytoplasm. Provided the
groundwork for Avery and McLeods definitive
work, as well as for Watson and Crick (1953)
DNA Structure
Fleming 1929 Penicillin (beta lactam ring in
outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell
wall synthesis impossible)

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