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SESSION OBJECTIVES
• To understand Gerunds and
Infinitives.
• To explain various phrasal verbs and
conditionals.
• To understand different types Direct
and Indirect Sentences.
What exactly are the verbal?
• Verbal include gerunds, infinitives,
and participles:
1. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing
and functions as a noun.
– Writing a good essay takes effort.
1. An infinitive is a to + verb verbal that
functions as a noun, adjective, or
adverb.
– To graduate from college takes time.
GERUNDS
Gerunds always end in –ing
• Example:
• Giving the money proved a mistake.
as predicate noun
as appositive
(or subject complement)
Infinitive Phrase: As
Subject
•Singular subjects
need singular verbs.
•Plural subjects need
plural verbs.
• Pronouns such as everyone and
everybody seem plural, but
they are always singular — so
they need a singular verb.
1. Everyone who worked on
the science project is a
winner.
2. Someone has to answer
the phone.
• Phrases that come between the
subject pronoun and its verb —
may contain plural words and
confuse.
Each of the basketball
players is excited about
tonight’s game.
• Verbs that accompany pronouns
such as all and some will be
determined by whether the
pronoun is referring to
something that is COUNTABLE or
1. Some of the workers on
not.
the building have left for
the day. You could count
the workers.
• Verbs that accompany pronouns
such as all and some will be
determined by whether the
pronoun is referring to
something that is COUNTABLE or
1. Some of the salt was
not.
spilled on the floor.
Salt is considered
one lump item.
• None is usually regarded as singular, but it
can be used as a plural pronoun.
a)correct
b)am
c)is
d)does
e)was
This are going to be the easiest
quiz of all time.
a)correct
b)is
c)am
d)was
e)were
Everyone at the movie is
taking a five hundred rupee.
a)correct
b)were
c)am
d)are
e)when
This is a fun book to
read.
a)correct
b)was
c)were
d)am
e)does
One time I were at the
mountains.
a)correct
b)was
c)is
d)am
e)does
CONDITIONALS
IF and THEN Clauses
• Conditional sentences have at least
two clauses: IF clauses and THEN
clauses.
• Examples:
If I go into town tomorrow, then I will
see a movie.
If he spoke Chinese, then he would
work as a guide in China.
If they had been faster, then they
would have won the race.
IF Clauses (the condition)
• Examples:
If I go into town tomorrow…
If he spoke Chinese…
If they had been faster…
THEN Clauses (the results)
• Examples:
… then I will see a movie.
…. then he would work as a guide in China.
… then they would have won the race.
IF and THEN Clauses
• Form:
If (present) then will
V.
• Example:
If she studies, she
will pass the
geography test. (It is
possible !!)
Unless
• Unless = if not
• Example:
If we don’t finish soon, we will miss
the train.
Unless we finish soon, we will miss the
train.
Temporals
• Temporals are time expressions.
(Examples: before, until, after, by the time
etc.)
• Examples:
Until he arrives, I will read a book.
They will make a cake before they go.
Conditional
(present/future –
impossible)
• When something is NOT
possible now, or in the
future.
• Form:
If (past) then would V.
• Example:
If he spoke Chinese, he
would work as a guide
in China. (Fact: He
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
doesn’t speak Chinese,
so it’s impossible.)
Special Rules for Conditional
• Examples:
I wish I were in Costa Rica. (I’m not there.)
He wishes he spoke Chinese. (He doesn’t.)
would rather
• “Would rather” is like Conditional II,
wishing for something that is probably
impossible.
• Example:
If he had been there, we would have done it.
Had he been there, we would have done it.
1) Is the situation
possible or
impossible?
2) Is the situation in
the past or in the
present/future?
Direct and Indirect Objects
• A direct object answers
the questions whom or
what.
Direct object Example: What did
Rishi’s mother send?
She sent a gift.
• An indirect object
answers the question to
whom or to what.
Example: To whom did
she send the gift?
Indirect object She sent the gift to me.
Direct Objects
How to Find a Direct Object
• 1. Find action verb
• 2. Ask “who?” or “what?”
after the action verb
One of the questions will be answered if there
is a direct object.