AMITY

We nurture talent
Information Technology &
Management
ADL-72

Session -1
Naresh Kumar

Amity University

nkumar7@amity.edu
 Objective
 Information Technology for strategic,
competitive advantage and
 Core IT skills and management.

The objective of the class is to help you

develop a better understanding of these
concepts and learn how to apply them to
your career
• ITM is concerned with exploring and
understanding Information Technology as a
corporate resource that determines both
the strategic and operational
capabilities of the firm in designing and
developing products and services for
maximum customer satisfaction, corporate
productivity, profitability and
competitiveness.
• Information technology has changed all
aspect of 21st century business and every
day life

• Information system influences business

processes, organizational structures and
the ways people do business, work and
communicate
 Module 1
Introduction to Computer
Technology
 History of Computers

 The history of computer development is often

referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices.

 Each generation of computer is characterized by

a major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller,
cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and
reliable devices.
 It is divided into five major generation given below:-

 First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

 Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry

and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.

 They were very expensive to operate and in addition

to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of
heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

 First generation computers relied on machine

language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a time.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

 The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

and ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator
And Calculator) computers are examples of
first-generation computing devices.

 The UNIVAC was the first commercial

computer delivered to a business client, the
U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
 Second Generation (1956-1963)
Transistors
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.

 The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see

widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.

 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,

allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
than their first-generation predecessors.
 Though the transistor still generated a
great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube.

 Second-generation computers still relied

on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.
 Third Generation (1964-1971)
Integrated Circuits
• The development of the integrated circuit
was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.

• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on

silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.

 Computers for the first time became accessible to a

mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
Microprocessors
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
 What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all
the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls
—on a single chip.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based

on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES
• An electronic machine,
IT DO?
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own
memory
– accepts data
– manipulates the data
according to specified rules
– produces results
– stores the results for future
use
• It can execute a prerecorded
list of instructions (a program)
 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

• Purpose: To convert data into information

• The Information Processing Cycle: Input-Process-Output and Storage
• Components of a Computer System
– Computer hardware
– Computer software
– People: users and IS professionals

Data vs. Information

Data:
Collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and
symbols

Information:
Data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
The Information Processing Cycle

Process
Input Manipulate the
Any data or input (data) to
instructions you produce output
enter into a (information)
computer

Output
Communication Data that has
The capability of been processed
communicating into information
with other
computers
 Hardware, Software
 Hardware:  Software:
The electric, electronic, and The series of instructions
mechanical equipment that makes
up a computer
that tells the hardware how
People to perform tasks
End user who is the ultimate user of a computer system usually implies an
individual with a relatively low level of computer expertise
Power user is someone who has considerable experience with computers
and utilizes the most advanced features of applications.
IS Professionals are people who develop and operate IS.

Who designs and writes software:

 Computer programmer
– uses a programming language to write software programs
 Systems Analyst
– works with both the user and the programmer to determine the desired
output of the program
 The Components of Computer Hardware

PC camera system unit

speaker
printer
speaker

monitor

keyboard
modem
scanner
mouse

microphone
digital camera
Computer Hardware
any part of a computer system that you can see or
touch
 Computer (or system unit): CPU and Main Memory
 Peripheral: any piece of hardware attached to a
computer
– Input devices
– Output devices
– Secondary storage devices
– Communications devices
 Input Devices
Any hardware component that allows a user to enter
data and instructions into a computer

microphone PC camera
microphone PC camera
keyboard
keyboard

scanner
scanner

digital
digital
camera
camera
 Output Devices
Any hardware component that can convey information to a
user

monitor speakers

printer
The Components of a Motherboard

 CPU or a Processor
– Electronic device that interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate the
computer
 Memory
– Temporary holding place for data and
instructions
 Storage
 Holds data, instructions, and information for future
use
 Storage Medium
– Physical material on which a computer keeps the
data, instructions and information
 Storage Device
– Records & retrieves items to and from a storage
medium
– Devices often function as source of input because
they transfer items from storage into memory
Main-Memory Management
 Memory is a large array of words or
bytes, each with its own address. It is a
repository of quickly accessible data
shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
 Main memory is a volatile storage
device. It loses its contents in the case
of system failure.
 Operating System
 The operating system is responsible for
the following activities in connections with
memory management:
– Keep track of which parts of memory
are currently being used and by whom.
– Decide which processes to load when
memory space becomes available.
– Allocate and deallocate memory space
as needed.
Introduction to Software &
Concepts of Programming
 Software

Software is a collection of programs whose

objective is to enhance the capabilities of a
hardware machine.
Types of software
•System software
->Operating System
->Utility Programs
->Language Translators
•Application software
->Customs programming
->Pre-written Packages
 System Software

Systems software consists of low-level

programs that interact with the computer at a
very basic level. These programs control the
operations of the computer and its devices
 Operating System: Set of programs that
coordinate all the activities among computer
hardware devices
 Utility program: performs a specific task,
usually related to managing a computer, its
devices, or its programs
 Application
software
 Programs that do real work for users
 Suite - Collection of popular individual software
applications bundled together as a single unit
– Word processing
– Spreadsheet
– Database
– Presentation graphics
 Introduction to
programming
 Computer programs are collections of
instructions that tell a computer how to
interact with the user, interact with the
computer hardware and process data.
 The first programmable computers
required the programmers to write explicit
instructions to directly manipulate the
hardware of the computer.
• In programming, we deal with two kinds
of elements:
• procedures and data. (Later we will
discover that they are really not so
distinct.)
• Informally, data is ``stuff'' that we want
to manipulate, and
• procedures are descriptions of the rules
for manipulating the data.
• Thus, any powerful programming
language should be able to describe
primitive data and primitive
procedures and should have methods
for combining and abstracting
procedures and data.
Two Type of Languages used
for Programming

• Machine level Language

• High Level Language
 Machine language
This "machine language" was very tedious
to write by hand since even simple tasks
such as printing some output on the screen
require 10 or 20 machine language
commands.
Machine language is often referred to as a
"low level language" since the code directly
manipulates the hardware of the computer.
High-level programming language

 A high-level programming language is a

programming language with strong abstraction
from the details of the computer.
 In comparison to low-level programming
languages, it may use natural language
elements, be easier to use, or be more portable
across platforms.
 Such languages hide the details of CPU
operations such as memory access models and
management of scope.
 Programming Elements

• There are five basic elements of programming that

are present in essentially all languages.
• Variables: This will how data is represented.
 It can range from something very simple, such as the
age of a person,
 such as a record of university students holding their
names, ages, addresses, what courses they have
taken, and the marks obtained.
• Loops: This will allow us to carry out
execution of a group of commands a
certain number of times.
• Conditionals: This will specify
execution of a group of statements
depending on whether or not some
condition is satisfied.
• Input/Output: This will allow interaction of the
program with external entities.
• This might be as simple as printing something
out to the terminal screen, or capturing some
text the user types on the keyboard, or it can
involve reading and/or writing to files.
• Subroutines and functions: This will
allow you to put oft-used snippets of code
into one location which can then be used
over and over again.
 Structured Programming

• Structured programming (sometimes

known as modular programming) is a
subset of procedural programming that
 enforces a logical structure on the program
being written to make it more efficient and
easier to understand and modify.
 Structured Programming
• A tool that becomes popular since the 70’s
• Absolutely essential for handling large programs
that involve a team of programmers and huge
number of man hours.
• Structured programming frequently employs a
top-down design model, in which developers
map out the overall program structure into
separate subsections.
• A defined function or set of similar
functions is coded in a separate module or
submodule, which means that code can
be loaded into memory more efficiently
and that modules can be reused in other
programs.
• After a module has been tested
individually, it is then integrated with
other modules into the overall program
structure.
 Seven Important Concepts of Structured
Programming: 1. Structured Walkthrough

• Before writing any program, the programming

team must sit down with the customer and find out
the requirement
• Extremely important
• Customer’s requirement is often imprecise
• Iterative: several rounds of talks
• Must result in a specifications that is
– very precise
– Understandable by programmer in programming terms
 2. Stepwise Refinement
• A “DIVIDE and CONQUER” strategy
• When given a large job, divide it into smaller jobs.
• Given any job, it is useful to divide it into
– Input
– Process
– Output
• Draw a tree
• Refine each job level by level (Breadth first)
• Use pseudo code to describe each job
• Decision on data structure is delayed as much as possible
 Extremely
Complex
Job

Input Process Output Level 1

… …
Input from
user Initialize Level 2

…
Initialize security Level 3
settings
 3. Modular Design
• Each ellipse is a module
• A module is a self contained block:
– It only receives inputs from its immediate ancestor
– It only outputs to its immediate ancestor
– Its computation should only require calling functions that
are its immediate children and them only
• The input variables and output variables of each
module should be specified when defining the
module
• Each module must be “programmable” – no
majic block should exist
 4. Bottom Up Coding
• When the refinement has reached a simple
function, code the simple function
• You can test the simple function
independently of the rest of the program
• This gives you achievement and
satisfaction, sustaining you through the long
project
• Project Manager exercises division of labour
here, ask a member to be responsible solely
for that function
 5. Testing Using Stubs
• A structured Programming project can be field
tested before everything finishes
• Stubs - for unfinished modules, use a human
being to emulate it, act on the test inputs, she
fits in the correct output data by hand
• then other programmers can test their work
• Meanwhile she continues to program her own
module (according to MS Project timelines)
6. White Box and Black Box Testing

• For each module and whole program

• White Box
– Input something for which you know the
desired result, it should give your expected
output
• Black Box
– Treat it as a black box, input some data, is the
result reasonable?
 7. Structured Programming
Documents
• A structured programming document is
generated along with the program
• When requirement of customer changes, go to
the document
• Does not need to rewrite the whole program,
just find which modules need to rewrite and
rewrite the module and the sub-tree under it
• Programmer usually forgets their code in 2
months; the structured document helps her to
refresh her work quickly
 OOPs

Objects, Classes, Attributes

and Methods
What is Object Oriented Programming?

• Object Oriented Programming is an

approach that provides a way of
modularizing programs by creating
partitioned memory area for both data
and functions that can be used as
templates for creating copies of such
modules on demand
 Glossary

Object: Data accessed and manipulated through an

interface, such as the Imagine program

Class: A template for a new object design

Inheritance: New class created by the modification

of an existing class

Instantiation: Creating a new object from an existing

class
The new object is known as an instance of Class X
 Advantages of OOPS

• Objects
• Classes
• Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Communication (message passing)
• Reusability
• Creating New Data Types
• Polymorphism & Overloading
…..
 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
Four Components of a Computer System
Operating System Definition

• OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer
 Operating System Definition
(Cont.)
• No universally accepted definition
• “The one program running at all times on
the computer” is the kernel. Everything
else is either a system program (ships with
the operating system) or an application
program
Operating System Structure
Multiprogramming needed for efficiency
– Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices
busy at all times
– Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and
data) so CPU always has one to execute
– A subset of total jobs in system is kept in
memory
– One job selected and run via job scheduling
– When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS
switches to another job
• Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension
in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that
users can interact with each job while it is running,
creating interactive computing
– Response time should be < 1 second
– Each user has at least one program executing in
memory  process
– If several jobs ready to run at the same time 
CPU scheduling
– If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping
moves them in and out to run
– Virtual memory allows execution of processes
not completely in memory
Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System
 Check your understanding

• Q1. How ITM impact your daily lives.

• Q2. List the different generation of
computers
• Q3 What are the main technological
differences seen in different generation
of computers
• Q4 Define Computer
• Q5 What do you understand by terms
Hardware and software
Check your understanding

• Q6 Programming language requires

what kind of basic elements.
• Q7 Differentiate between structured
programming and OOPS
• Q8 How OS helps the computer to
complete its job
 learning never
ends
the journey of
excellence
continues…

Thank You