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Car Radiator
Heat Exchangers
A condenser is a heat exchanger in which one of the
fluids is cooled and condenses as it flows through the
heat exchanger.
A boiler is another heat exchanger in which one of the
fluids absorbs heat and vaporizes.
A space radiator is a heat exchanger that transfers
heat from the hot fluid to the surrounding space by
radiation.
Heat transfer:
From the hot fluid to the wall by convection,
through the wall by conduction, and then from the wall to the cold
fluid by convection.
Fouling Factors
After a period of operation, heat transfer surfaces of
HEXs may become
coated with various deposits present in the flow system
corroded
or, in general, deteriorated because of use
resulting in decreased performance because of
additional resistance(s) to the heat flow
The overall effect of this deterioration is
represented by a fouling factor Rf
Fouling from chemical reactions in the fluid stream
which result in the deposition of material on the heat
exchanger surface.
Fouling Factors
Source:
Tubular
Exchange
Manufacturers Association
Fouling Factors
SOLUTION
The heat transfer coefficients
and the fouling factors on the
tube and shell sides of a heat
exchanger are given. The
thermal resistance and the
overall heat transfer
coefficients based on the inner
and outer areas are to be
determined.
Assumptions
The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors are
constant and uniform.
and
and &
& p ,h (Th ,in - Th ,out )
Q = mc
where
We can see here that T is zero for condensing fluid in condenser and
for boiling fluid in boiler
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, As is the heat transfer area,
and Tm is an appropriate average temperature difference between the
two fluids.
LMTD
Consider a parallel flow double pipe HEX
Outer surface of the heat exchanger to be well
insulated and heat transfer occurs between the
two fluids only
Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.
Energy balance on each fluid can be written:
LMTD
Consider a parallel flow double pipe HEX
LMTD
The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the
heat exchanger can also be expressed as
LMTD
The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the
heat exchanger can also be expressed as
rating this equation from inlet to outlet
Q&
& p ,c
= mc
(Tc ,out - Tc ,in )
Q&
& p ,h
= mc
(Th ,in - Th ,out )
D T2 = Th ,out - Tc ,out
D T1 = Th ,in - Tc ,in
ln
D T
Q&
LMTD
D T2 = Th ,out - Tc ,out
D T1 = Th ,in - Tc ,in
D T
D T1 - D T2
1
= UAs
ln
D T
Q&
D T - D T
1
2
Q&= UAs
D T
ln 1
D T
LMTD
We may like to consider using arithmetic average instead of
LMTD but:
The temperature difference between the two fluids
decreases from T1 at the inlet to T2 at the outlet. So
arithmetic mean temperature Tam =(T1+T2) /2 is not true
representation.
Whereas the logarithmic mean temperature difference Tlm is
obtained by tracing the actual temperature profile of the
fluids along the heat exchanger and is an exact
representation of the average temperature difference.
Counter-Flow Heat
Exchangers
LMTD
Mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the
condensation of the steam are determined from
Effectiveness-NTU method
The LMTD approach to HEX analysis works well when
the inlet and outlet temperatures are known or easily
obtained
When either inlet or outlet temperatures are to be
determined, iterative procedures should be used with the
LMTD
Such analysis can be facilitated using the method
based on the effectiveness of HEX in transferring a
given amount of heat
Effectiveness-NTU method
The heat transfer effectiveness is defined as
Effectiveness-NTU method
In that case the fluid with the smaller heat capacity rate
will experience a larger temperature change
Cmin = or
C if C < C
c
h
c
Effectiveness-NTU method
Cmin = or
C if C < C
c
h
c
Effectiveness-NTU method
Consider a parallel flow double pipe HEX
Outer surface of the heat exchanger to be well
insulated and heat transfer occurs between the
two fluids only
Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible
Axial heat conduction along the tube is negligible
Energy balance on each fluid can be written:
Effectiveness-NTU method
Consider a parallel floe double pipe HEX
Effectiveness-NTU method
The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the
heat exchanger can also be expressed as
Rearranging
Effectiveness-NTU method
Rearranging
therefore
Effectiveness-NTU method
But
therefore
Taking either Cc or Ch to be Cmin
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically
involve the dimensionless group UAs /Cmin. This quantity is
called the number of transfer units NTU and is expressed
as
e=
1- exp [ - NTU(1 + c ) ]
1+ c
Effectiveness-NTU method
e=
1- exp [ - NTU(1 + c ) ]
NTU =
1+ c
- ln [1- e(1 + c ) ]
1+ c
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Effectiveness-NTU method
Actual HT