Electrical Machine 1 ELE 3307: Dr. Nuraddeen Magaji

Dr.
N MAGAJI BUK
Chapter 3
ELECTRICAL MACHINE 1
ELE 3307
Dr. Nuraddeen Magaji
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
AINTODUCTION
DC machine is an electromechanical energy conversion
device. It can convert Mechanical
power into Electrical Power. When
output electrical power is DC , it
is called DC Generator. When it
converts DC electrical power into
mechanical power , it is known as
DC Motor.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
1. BODY OR MAGNETIC FRAME OR

YOKE
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS
4. ARMATURE CORE
5. ARMATURE WINDING
6. COMMUTATOR

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Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
7. BRUSHES
8. END HOUSINGS
9. BEARINGS
10. SHAFT

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
Bearin
g
Pulle
y
Brus
h
Body / Yoke
End Housing
Shaft
Armature
Commutator
Brush
holde
r
Field Core
Field Winding
Click here to see photograph
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
ARMATURE
YOKE
+
SHAFT
FIELD POLE
& COIL
BRUSH
COMMUTATOR
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :
The outer cylindrical

frame to which
main poles and inter
poles are fixed and
by means of the
machine is fixed to
the foundation is
called YOKE.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
1. It
MAGNETIC
FRAME or YOKE
serves
two :
purposes:
a) It provides
mechanical
protection to the
inner parts of the
machines.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
1. MAGNETIC
or YOKE
b) It FRAME
provides
a:
low reluctance path

for
the
magnetic
flux.
The yoke is made of
cast iron for smaller

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :
machines and cast

steel or fabricated
rolled
steel
for
larger machines.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :
The pole core and

pole
shoes
are
fixed to the yoke
by
bolts.
They
serves
the
following purpose :
a) They support
the field or exciting
coils.
POLE CORE

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
b) They distribute
the magnetic flux
on
the armature
periphery
more
uniformly.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
c) The pole shoes

have larger Xsection,
so,
the
reluctance of the
magnetic path is
reduced. The pole
core

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
and pole shoes are

made of laminated
steel assembled by
riveting
together
under
hydraulic
pressure.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
3.Field
FIELD or
EXCITING
COILS :
coils
or exciting
coils are used to

magnetise the pole
core.
Enameled
copper wire is used
for the construction
of these coils.When
direct
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS :
current
is
passed
through these coils/
winding, it sets up
the magnetic field
which magnetise the
pole core to the reqd.
flux.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
4. ARMATURE CORE:
Armature is a rotating part of

the DC machine, reversal of
flux takes place, so hysteresis
losses
are
produced.
To
minimise this loss, silicon steel
is used for the construction.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
4. ARMATURE CORE:
The rotating armature cuts the

main magnetic field , therefore
an e.m.f is induced in the
armature
core.This
e.m.f
circulates eddy currents in the
core which results in eddy
current loss in it.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
4. ARMATURE CORE:
The armature core is laminated to

reduce the eddy current loss.
Armature
core
serves
the
following purposes:
a) It houses the conductors in the
slots.
b) It provides an easy path for
magnetic
flux
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
5. ARMATURE WINDING ;
The
no.
of
conductors
in
form of coils
placed in the
slots
of the
armature
and
suitably
inter
connected are
called winding .
ARMATURE WINDING

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
This
is
the
armature
winding where
conversion of
power
takes
place i.e. in
case
of
generator ,

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
mechanical
power
is
converted into
electrical
power and in
case
of
a
motor,
electrical

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
power
is
converted
into
mechanical
power.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
Depending upon the types of

inter connection. of coils , the
winding
can be classified into
two types;
i) Lap Winding;
The
conductors/coils
are
connected in such a way that no
of parallel paths are equal to no.
of poles.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
If machine has P no. of poles

and Z no. of conductors, then
there will be P no. of parallel
paths.And each path will have
Z/P no of conductors in series.
Also the no. of brushes are equal
to no. of parallel paths.
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Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
Out of which half of the brushes

will be positive and remaining
will be negative.
ii) Wave Winding;
The
conductors
are
so
connected that they are divided
into two parallel paths only ,
irrespective of the no. of poles.
If machines has Z no. of
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
conductors, there will be only

two parallel paths and each will
be having Z/2 no. of conductors
connected in series with only
two brushes.

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6.ItCOMMUTATOR
is the most
important part
of
a
DC
machine
and
serves
the
following
purpose :- i) It
connects
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6. COMMUTATOR
the
rotating
armature
conductors
to
the stationary
external circuit
through
the
brushes.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6. COMMUTATOR
ii)
It converts
altering current
induced in the
armature
conductors into
unidirectional
..
COMMUTATOR

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6.
COMMUTATOR
current
in
the
load
in
external
circuit
generating
action and it
converts
alternating
torque
into
unidirectional
COMMUTATOR

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6. COMMUTATOR
MICA INSULATION
COPPER SEGMENT
RISER
END RING
ADJUSTING NUT
METAL SLEEVE
SHAFT

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6. COMMUTATOR
torque
produced
in
the
armature in motoring action.
The commutator is of cylindrical
shape and is made of wedge
shaped hard drawn copper
segments.The
segments
are
insulated from each .
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
6. COMMUTATOR
other by a thin sheet of

mica.The segments are held
together by means of two Vshaped rings that fit into the Vgrooves cut into the segments.
Each armature coil is connected
to the commutator segment
through riser.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
7. BRUSHES
Brushes are made of high grade

carbon.They form the connecting
link between armature winding
and the external circuit. The
brushes are held in particular
position around the commutator
by brush holders.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
8.They
END HOUSINGS are
attached to the
ends of main
frame
and
support
bearing . The
front
housing
supports ..
END HOUSING

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
8. END HOUSINGS
the
bearing
and the brush
assembly
whereas
rear
housing
supports
the
bearing only.
END HOUSING

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
9. BEARINGS
The function of the bearing is to

reduce friction between the
rotating and stationary parts of
the machines.These are fitted in
the end housings. Generally, high
carbon steel is used for the
construction of the bearings.
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
The function of
shaft
is
to
transfer
mechanical
power to the
machine
or
from
the
machine .
10. SHAFT
SHAFT

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
10. SHAFT
Shaft is made
of mild steel
with maximum
breaking
strength.
All
the
rotating
parts like
SHAFT

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
DC MACHINES
10. SHAFT
armature core,
commutator,
cooling fan etc.
are keyed to
the shaft.
SHAFT

LECTURE 7 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
Depending upon the type if

excitation to the field winding ,
The dc machine can be classified
into
three
categories
viz.
Machines with permanent field,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )

LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
separately
excited
and
self
excited type dc machines.
Dc
motors with permanent magnetic
field, are manufactured for small
rating applications such as toys,
cassette
tape
recorders
etc.large rating dc motors
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
are constructed with electromagnetic field i.e field winding is

placed on the field core and this
winding is supplied with dc
current
called
excitation.
Depending upon the type of
connections to the field winding
for .
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
excitation , the dc motors can be

classified into two categories ;
1) Separately excited dc motors
2) Self excited dc motors.

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Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS
Rf
+
FF
M
If
+
VDC _
Ia
E
Ra
AA

LECTURE 9 OF 40
Supply
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
The field winding is excited

from a supply which is not
connected to the armature
winding. It may be noted that
current flowing through the
field winding is independent of
load and is equal to V / Rf ,
LECTURE 9 OF 40
where R is the.
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
field circuit resistance. The flux

produced is proportional to the
field current i.e.
If

LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )
+
F
Ia
If
A
M
F
F
IL
E
Ra
V
SUPPLY
AA
_
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )
In this type of excitation ,

armature and field windings are
connected across a constant
source of supply. The field
current If is drawn from the same
source as that of armature
current. As shown in fig.
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )

Y
YY
ISE
M
AA
_
+
IL
E
Ra
SUPPLY
_
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
The field winding is connected in

series with the armature so that
If = Ia = IL . Therefore field
winding is made up of thick
winding wire of less no. of turns
as compared to that of shunt
field winding so that armature
current can ...
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
flow
through
it
without
overheating. In case of dc series

machine , If Ia .. The
relationship
between
induced
e.m.f. and terminal voltage is as

follows ; ..
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
V = E + Ia Ra + Ia
or
and
Rse
E = V - Ia ( R a +
Rse )
Ia = Ise = IL

LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ISh
Z
ISE
Rsh
ZZ
YY
M
AA
E
Ra
IL
SUPPLY
V
_

LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
There are two field windings ,

namely a shunt field winding and
a series field winding. The shunt
field winding is connected in
parallel with the armature and
series field winding is connected
in series with the combination .
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
Series field winding will carry a

large armature current Ia or IL
and therefore it is made of wire
of large cross section and has a
few turns only. The resistance of
series field winding is very
small.
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK
Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Electrical Machine 1 ELE 3307: Dr. Nuraddeen Magaji

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Electrical Machine 1 ELE 3307: Dr. Nuraddeen Magaji

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Dr.

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

1. BODY OR MAGNETIC FRAME OR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

The outer cylindrical

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

low reluctance path

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

machines and cast

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

The pole core and

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

c) The pole shoes

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

and pole shoes are

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

coils are used to

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Armature is a rotating part of

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

The rotating armature cuts the

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

The armature core is laminated to

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Depending upon the types of

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

If machine has P no. of poles

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Out of which half of the brushes

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

conductors, there will be only

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Dr. N MAGAJI BUK

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES