PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

Fundamental of Physics
Pham Hong Quang

E-mail: quangph@pvu.edu.vn

Hanoi, August 2012

References

[1] C s Vt l, Tp I, II, III: C hc, nhit hc, David

Halliday, Robert Resnik, Jearl Walker, bn dch ting
Vit, NXB Gio dc (1999).
[2] Fundamentals of physics, 8th ed., Extended,
David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, John
Wiley & Sons (2008).
[3] Vt ly ai cng, tp 1, C-Nhit, Lng Duyn
Binh chu bin

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

Chapter 1

Kinematics of a point-like
object
1.1 Measurement, Standards of
Length, Mass, and Time
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
1.3 Conversion of Units
1.4 Coordinate Systems
1.5 Vectors and scalars
1.6 The Displacement, Velocity,
and Acceleration Vectors
1.7 Uniform Circular Motion
1.8 Angular Velocity and
Acceleration Vector
1.8 Projectile Motion
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Length
Units
SI meter, m
Defined in terms of a meter
the distance traveled by
light in a vacuum during a
given time
See Table 1.1 for some
examples of lengths

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

Length, Cont.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Mass
Units
SI kilogram, kg
Defined in terms of a
kilogram, based on a
specific cylinder kept
at the International
Bureau of Standards
See Table 1.2 for
masses of various
objects
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

Mass,Cont.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Time
Units
seconds, s
Defined in terms of the
oscillation of radiation from
a cesium atom
See Table 1.3 for some
approximate time intervals

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

Time,Cont.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

10

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

System of
Measurements

Pham Hong Quang

US Customary
everyday units
Length is measured in
feet
Time is measured in
seconds
Mass is measured in
slugs
often uses weight, in
pounds, instead of
Fundamental
Science
mass as
a Department

11

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Prefixes
Prefixes correspond
to powers of 10
Each prefix has a
specific name
Each prefix has a
specific abbreviation
The prefixes can be
used with any base
units
They are multipliers
of the base unit
Examples:
1 mm = 10-3 m
1 mg = 10-3 g
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

12

1.2 Dimensional Analysis

Dimension has a
specific meaning it
denotes the physical
nature of a quantity
Dimensions are
denoted with square
brackets
Length [L]
Mass [M]
Time [T]
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

13

1.2 Dimensional Analysis, Cont.

Technique to check the correctness of an equation or
to assist in deriving an equation
Dimensions (length, mass, time, combinations) can be
treated as algebraic quantities
add, subtract, multiply, divide
Both sides of equation must have the same
dimensions
Dimensions of some common quantities are given
below

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

14

1.3 Conversion of Units

When units are not consistent, you need to
convert to appropriate ones
Always include units for every quantity, you
can carry the units through the entire
calculation
Multiply original value by a ratio equal to one
Example: 15.0in ? cm
2.54cm
15.0in
38.1cm
1in

fath
fath
36,5
36,5

min
min
Pham Hong Quang

1 min

60s

6 ft

1 fath

0,305m

11,1m / s
1 ft

Fundamental Science Department

15

1.4 Coordinate Systems

Used to describe the position of a point in

space
Coordinate system consists of
A fixed reference point called the origin
Specific axes with scales and labels
Instructions on how to label a point
relative to the origin and the axes

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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r
ey

1.4 Coordinate Systems

Descartes
Coordinate System
r uuuur
r
r
r
r OM xe x ye y ze z .
Points are labeled
(x,y,z)

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Departmentdinate

17

1.4 Coordinate Systems

Spherical Coordinate
System
x = r sincos
y= rsinsin
z = rcos
2
2
2
x

z
And
r=
z
cos =
= arctg
Pham Hong Quang

x2 y2 z 2
y
x
Fundamental Science Department

18

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

A scalar quantity is completely

specified by a single value with an
appropriate unit and has no direction.
A vector quantity is completely
described by a number and
appropriate units plus a direction.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

19

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector Example
A particle travels from A
to B along the path
shown by the dotted red
line
This is the distance
traveled and is a
scalar
The displacement is
the solid line from A to B
The displacement is
independent of the
path taken between
the two points
Displacement is a
vector
Pham Hong
Quang
Fundamental Science Department

20

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector Notation

r
A

Text uses bold with arrow to denote a vector:

Also used for printing is simple bold print: A
When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector,

r
an italic letter will be used:AA or

| |

The magnitude of the vector has physical units

The magnitude of a vector is always a positive
number

r
A

When handwritten, use an arrow:

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

21

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Adding Vectors Graphically
Choose a scale

r
A

Draw the first vector,

, with the appropriate length

and in the direction specified, with respect to a

coordinate system
Draw the next vector with the appropriate length

r
and in the direction specified,
with respect to a
A

r whose origin is the end of vector

coordinate system
A

and parallel to the coordinate system used for

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

22

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Adding Vectors
Graphically, cont.
Continue drawing the
vectors tip-to-tail
The resultant is drawn
r
from the origin A
of
to
the end of the last
r
vector
R
Measure the length of
and its angle
Use the scale factor
to convert length to
actual magnitude
Pham Hong Quang
Fundamental Science Department

23

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Component Method of Adding
Vectors
Graphical addition is not recommended when
High accuracy is required
If you have a three-dimensional problem
Component method is an alternative method
It uses projections of vectors along
coordinate axes

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

24

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Components of a
Vector, Introduction
A component is a projection
of a vector along an axis
Any vector can be
completely described by its
components
It is useful to use
rectangular components
These are the projections of
the vector along
the x- Science
and Department
Fundamental

Pham Hong Quang

25

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Components of a
Vector

r
Assume you are given a A
vector
r
r
It can be expressed
A x in A y
terms of two other
vectors,

and

r r
r
TheseAthree
A x vectors
Ay
form a right triangle

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

26

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Components of a
Vector, final
The components can be
positive or negative and
will have the same units
as the original vector
The signs of the
components will depend
on the angle

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

27

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a vector with a
magnitude of exactly 1.
Unit vectors are used to specify a
direction and have no other physical
significance

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

28

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Unit Vectors, cont.
The symbols

i ,j, andk
represent unit vectors
They form a set of
mutually perpendicular
vectors in a right-handed
coordinate system

i j k 1
Remember,
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Adding Vectors Using Unit
r r r
VectorsR A B
Using r

R Ax
i Ay j Bx i By j
Then r
R Ax Bx
i Ay By j
r
R Rx
i Ry j

and so Rx = Ax +
Bx 2and Ry = A
R+ By
2
1y y
R Rx Ry tan
Rx

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

30

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Scalar product of two vectors
The dot product of two vectors is the sum of the
products of their corresponding components. If
a=<a1, a2> and b=<b1, b2>, then ab= a1b1+a2b2 .
Ex. If a=<1,4> and b=<3,8>, then
a.b=3+32=35
If is the angle between vectors a and b, then

a b a b cos

Note: these are just two ways of expressing the dot

product
Note that the dot product of two vectors produces a
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

31

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector product of two vectors
The cross product a x b of two
vectors a and b, unlike the dot product,
is a vector.
For this reason, it is also called the vector
product.
Note that a x b is defined only when a and b
are three-dimensional (3-D) vectors.
If a = a1, a2, a3 and b = b1, b2, b3, then
the cross product of a and b is the vector
a x b = a2b3 - a3b2, a3b1 - a1b3, a1b2 - a2b1

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

32

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector product of two vectors, cont.
In order to make Definition 1 easier
to remember, we use the notation of determinants.
A determinant of order 3 can be defined in terms of
second-order determinants as follows:

a1
b1
c1

a2
b2
c2

Pham Hong Quang

a3
b2
b3 a1
c2
c3

b3
b1
a2
c3
c1

Fundamental Science Department

b3
b1
a3
c3
c1

b2
c2

33

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector product of two vectors, cont.
We see that the cross product of the vectors
a = a1i +a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k
is:

ab

Pham Hong Quang

a2

a3

a1

a3

b2

b3

b1

b3

i
a b a1

j
a2

k
a3

b1

b2

b3

Fundamental Science Department

a1

a2

b1

b2

34

1.5 Vectors and Scalars

Vector product of
two vectors, cont.
Direction:
If the fingers of your right
hand curl in the direction
of a rotation (through an
angle less than 180)
from a to b, then your
thumb points in the
direction of a x b.
Length:
If is the angle between
a and b
(so 0 ), then
|a x b| = |a||b| sin
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Position and
Displacement
The position of an object
is described by its
position vector,
The displacement of
the object is defined as

r r in rits
the change
r rf ri

position

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Average velocity
The average velocity is the ratio of the displacement to
the time interval for the displacement
r
r
r
vavg
t
The direction of the average velocity is the direction of
the displacement vector

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Instantaneous
velocity
The instantaneous velocity
is the limit of the average
r
r
velocityr as tapproaches
r dr

zero v lim
dt
t 0 t

As the time interval

becomes smaller, the
direction of the
displacement
approaches that of the
line tangent to the
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Instantaneous Velocity, cont.
The direction of the instantaneous
velocity vector at any point in a
particles path is along a line tangent
to the path at that point and in the
direction of motion
The magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector is the speed
The speed is a scalar quantity
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Average acceleration
The average acceleration of a
particle as it moves is defined as
the change in the instantaneous
velocity vector divided by the
time interval during which that

r r
r
v f v i v

tf t i
t

change occurs.

r
aavg

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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Average

1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors

Acceleration, cont
As a particle moves, the
direction of the change in
velocity is found by
vector subtraction

r r r
v v f v i

The average acceleration

is a vector quantity
directed along
Pham Hong Quang

r
v

Fundamental Science Department

41

1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Instantaneous acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is the limiting

rof the ratio

value
v t

r
r
r
v dv
a lim

dt
t 0 t

as t approaches zero

The instantaneous equals the derivative of

the velocity vector with respect to time

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

42

1.6 The Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration Vectors
Producing An Acceleration
Various changes in a particles motion may
produce an acceleration
The magnitude of the velocity vector may
change
The direction of the velocity vector may
change
Even if the magnitude remains constant
Both may change simultaneously
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

43

1.7 Uniform Circular Motion

V

Uniform circular motion occurs when an

object moves in a circular path with a
constant speed
The associated analysis motion is a particle
in uniform circular motion
An acceleration exists since the direction of
the motion is changing
This change in velocity is related to an
acceleration
The velocity vector is always tangent to the
path of the object
Fundamental Science Department

Pham Hong Quang

44

1.7 Uniform Circular Motion

Changing Velocity in
Uniform Circular
Motion
The change in the velocity
vector is due to the
change in direction

r
r
r
Thevvector
diagram shows
f v i v
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

45

1.7 Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration
The acceleration is always
perpendicular to the path of the
motion
The acceleration always points
toward the center of the circle of
motion
This acceleration is called the
centripetal acceleration
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

46

1.7 Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration, cont.
The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration
vector is given by

v2
aC
r
The direction of the centripetal acceleration
vector is always changing, to stay directed
toward the center of the circle of motion

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

47

1.7 Uniform Circular Motion

Period
The period, T, is the time
required for one complete
revolution
The speed of the particle would
be the circumference of the
circle of motion divided by the

2 r
T
Therefore, the period
v is defined
period
as
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

48

1.7 Tangential and Radial Acceleration

The magnitude of the velocity could also be
changing
In this case, there would be a tangential
acceleration
The motion would be under the influence of
both tangential and centripetal accelerations
Note the changing acceleration vectors

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

49

1.7 Tangential and Radial Acceleration

Total Acceleration
The tangential acceleration causes the
change in the speed of the particle
The radial acceleration comes from a
change in the direction of the velocity
vector

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

50

1.7 Tangential and Radial Acceleration

Total Acceleration, equations
dv
at
The tangential acceleration:
dt

v2
The radial acceleration:
ar aC
r
The total acceleration:
Magnitude a

a a
2
r

2
t

Direction
Same as velocity vector if v is increasing,
opposite if v is decreasing
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

51

1.8 Angular Velocity and Acceleration Vector

r &r
r
e z e z

r &
r
r
&
e z e z

u
r
r
r
v R
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

52

1.9 Projectile Motion

An object may move in

both the x and y directions
simultaneously
The form of twodimensional motion we will
deal with is called
projectile motion
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

53

1.9 Projectile Motion

Assumptions of Projectile Motion
The free-fall acceleration is constant over the range
of motion
It is directed downward
This is the same as assuming a flat Earth over
the range of the motion
It is reasonable as long as the range is small
compared to the radius of the Earth
The effect of air friction is negligible
With these assumptions, an object in projectile
motion will follow a parabolic path. This path is
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

54

1.9 Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion Diagram

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

55

1.9 Projectile Motion

Analyzing Projectile Motion
Consider the motion as the superposition of the
motions in the x- and y-directions

&
& 0, &
& g
x
z

&
x& 0, x& v 0 cos 0 ,

x v 0 cos 0 t

g 2
&
z& g, z& gt v 0 sin 0 , z t v 0 sin 0 t
2
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

56

1.9 Projectile Motion

Range and Maximum
Height of a Projectile
When analyzing projectile
motion, two characteristics
are of special interest
The range, R, is the
horizontal distance of the
projectile
The maximum height the
projectile reaches is h
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

57

1.9 Projectile Motion

Height of a Projectile,
equation
The maximum height of the projectile
2
2
can be found in vterms
the initial
sin
of
i
i

velocity vector:

2g

This equation is valid only for

symmetric motion
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

58

1.9 Projectile Motion

More About the Range of a
Projectile

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

59

1.9 Projectile Motion

Range of a Projectile, final
The maximum range occurs at i =
45o
Complementary angles will produce
the same range
The maximum height will be
different for the two angles
The times of the flight will be
different for the two angles
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

60

Thank you!

Nguyen Van A

61

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