Bandwidth and Media

• Bandwidth: speed at which data are

communicated
• Bits per second: unit of measure for bandwidth
• Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time
• Broadband: carry multiple transmissions
simultaneously
Bandwidth (continued)
 Networks

• Network: combination of devices (nodes)

connected through communication channels
 Virtual Private Networks
• Virtual private network (VPN)
• Alternative to creating LAN
• Does not require leasing of lines
• Utilizes Internet, a public network to simulate a
private network
• Uses encryption and other security mechanisms
to ensure that only authorized users can access
the network
 Satellite
• Satellite services use microwaves
• Service provider installs dish antenna, used as
communications satellite
• Speeds up to 50 Mbps
• Global Positioning System uses satellite service
 Optical Carrier
• Optical carrier
– Expensive
– High connection speeds
• Uses basic unit of 51.84 Mbps
 GSM
• Global System for Mobile Communications
• The most popular digital cellular system
• Uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.
• Uses digital transmission.
• 2G mobile phone system
 3G
• BSNL & MTNL provide 3G service in India
• BSNL launched 3G services in March 2009
• India has a total of around 2 mn 3G subscriber
• India gears up for the much-awaited 3G auction to take
place in April 2010
• BSNL is gearing up to spread the WiMax usage across
India through their Darpan scheme of rural kiosks
• Voice calls are available at the rate of 30 paise per
minute, video calls are available at the current STD/local
call rates. BSNL as of now covers around 240 cities
under 3G spectrum services.
 CDMA
• Code-Division Multiple Access
• Digital cellular technology that uses spread-
spectrum techniques.
• Allows several users to share a spectrum of
different frequencies
• Individual conversations are encoded with a
random digital sequence
• It is the common platform on which 3G
technologies are built.
 How do we communicate?
 Dial-up access
 Broadband access
 Wi-Fi access (Wireless
( fidelity)
 WiMAX access (Worldwide Interoperability for
microwave access)
 Wireless Connection
• Infrared also called IR or IrDA (infrared data
association) - uses red light to send and
receive information

• Bluetooth - standard for transmitting information

in the form of short range radio waves over
distances of up to 30 feet and is used for
purposes such as wirelessly connecting a cell
phone or a PDA to a computer

• WiFi (wireless fidelity) - standard for

transmitting information in the form of radio
waves over distances up to about 300 feet
 Wireless Network
 Wireless Personal Area Networks
- Up to 10 meter
- IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
 Wireless Local Area Networks
- Up to 100 meter
- IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
• Metropolitan Area and Wide Area Networks
- Up to 50Km
- IEEE 802.16 (WiMax)
 WiFi security
• 64-bit encryption
- original

• 128-bit encryption
- much secure
 WiMax
• WiMax, short for Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, is the latest of the wireless
"last mile" broadband technologies.
• Wiring entire rural area with cables is
impossible.
• WiMax provides a means of connecting rural or
remote areas with broadband service
 The Satellite

• In rural areas, the real competition to WiMax

would be satellite data services.
Radio Frequency Identification
• RFID tags tiny and need little power
• Objects are embedded with tags that contain
radio transceiver
• Tags encoded with electronic product code
• Readers decode data stored in tag’s memory
and data passed to host computer
Top Domain Names Registries
• com Commercial (36,352,243)
• net Networks
• edu Educational
• jp
• us
• de
• org Organizations (1,267,662)
• gov
• ru
• cn
• in (035,810)
 IPV4, IPV6
• IANA works in cooperation with five Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to Local
Internet Registries (Internet service providers) and other
entities
• Any user may use the IPv4 private address block
– Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255,
– Class B: 172.16.0.0, 172.31.255.255,
– Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
• IPv6 (128 bit, 16 byte)
 ISP / India

• There are 3 categories of ISPs:-

– A (whole of India)
– B (20 metros: Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta or
Chennai + Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad or
Pune. )
– C private providers
• Major ISPs: BSNL, Sify, VSNL, Reliance, Data
Infosys, HCL Infinet, Barti Infotel etc
• 2.5 Million Internet accounts
• International connectivity through DoT, VSNL
 Some Internet Applications

• Instant Messaging (Online 1-1, Alert)

• CHAT
 What is a Web Page?
A web Page is a single document written in
HTML ( Hypertext Markup Language ) that
includes the text of the document,its
structure, any links to other documents and
graphic images and other media.

HTML- WWW documents are authored using

the Hypertext Markup Language.

Homepage is a Hypertext document, a server

will serve as default.
 What is a Web Browser?

A Web Browser is special software

such as Netscape, Mosaic, Fire Fox or
Internet Explorer.

These browsers allow a user to view

Web pages delivered from a client
server (Web Site) situated at a
particular URL on the World Wide Web
 Web Server

• A computer that delivers (serves) Web

pages.

• There are many Web server software

applications, including public domain
software from NCSA and Apache, and
commercial packages from Microsoft,
Netscape, WAS from IBM, Weblogic
from Oracle etc.
 What is a protocol?

In networking and Communications, the

formal specification that defines the
procedures to be followed when transmitting
and receiving data. Protocols define the
format, timing, sequence and error checking
used on the network.
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the
stateless protocol used for data transfer
within WWW.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) /
URI
ftp://192.168.100.1
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/URL.html

• URLs are the global address of documents and

other resources on the World Wide Web.
• Hostname (or Resource name) specifies the IP
address or the domain name where the resource
is located.
 Web software components
• Web Client
• Web Server
• Web Proxy
• Others
– Domain Name System (or Service or Server)
• An Internet service that translates domain names
into IP addresses
• If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a
particular domain name, it asks another one, and
so on
– Search Engine
– Multimedia streaming server
 Web components (fig.)

Java applet, DNS

JavaScript, VB Script, Server PHP, ASP, Perl, C
Active X, Plug-Ins Java Servlet

Client-side Server-side
programs HTTP program
Web
Web Server Application
Client Proxy Server
Document Server
Presentation File
system Database,
HTML, CSS Search engine
XML, XSL
RTSP Media
SMIL Media
Server
Player
 Software Agents
GENERAL
• Buyer agents or shopping bots (eBay, Amazon)
• User (or personal) agents
• Monitoring-and-surveillance agents
• Data Mining agents

SPECIAL
• Spam (UBE) filters
• Game-bots
 The Business Challenge

How to add new services for users quickly and

cost effectively
 Expand the
Infrastructure!
Buy new servers,
allocate more budget
for software, increase
data centre capacity!!
 Look to the cloud!
Pay for only the
bandwidth and server
resources that you
need. Pay per use
only! If the demand is
seasonal, discontinue
the subscription, when
the demand is gone
 What is cloud computing?
Cloud computing is Internet-based computing,

whereby shared resources, software and

information

are provided to computers and other devices on-

demand,

like a public utility.

The security lies in the hands of the customer

 The hype

Cluster Computing
Cloud Computing
Grid Computing 
 SaaS
Software as a Service

PaaS
Platform as a Service

IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service
 SaaS
Software as a Service
SaaS Software delivery model

• Increasingly popular with SMEs

• No hardware or software to
manage
• Service delivered through a
browser
SaaS Advantages
• Pay per use
• Instant Scalability
• Security
• Reliability
• APIs
SaaS Examples
• CRM
• Financial Planning
• Human Resources
• Word processing
Commercial Services:
• Salesforce.com
• emailcloud
 PaaS
Platform as a Service
 Platform delivery model

• Platforms are built upon

Infrastructure, which is expensive
PaaS
• Estimating demand is not a
science!
• Platform management is not fun!
 Popular services

• Storage
• Database
PaaS
• Scalability
 Advantages
• Pay per use
• Instant Scalability
PaaS • Security
• Reliability
• APIs
 Examples

• Google App Engine

• Mosso
PaaS
• AWS: S3
 IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service
 Computer infrastructure
delivery model

Access to infrastructure stack:

– Full OS access
– Firewalls
– Routers
– Load balancing
IaaS
 Advantages
• Pay per use
• Instant Scalability
• Security
• Reliability
• APIs
IaaS
 Examples
• Flexiscale
• AWS: EC2

IaaS
 SaaS
Software as a Service

PaaS
Platform as a Service

IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service
SaaS Common Factors

• Pay per use

• Instant Scalability
• Security
PaaS • Reliability
• APIs

IaaS
SaaS Advantages

• Lower cost of ownership

• Reduce infrastructure management
PaaS
responsibility
• Allow for unexpected resource
loads
IaaS • Faster application rollout
SaaS Cloud Economics

• Multi-tenented
• Virtualisation lowers costs by
PaaS
increasing utilisation
• Economies of scale afforded by
technology
IaaS • Automated update policy
Examples of usage
 • Your current CRM package is not
SaaS managing the load or you simply don’t
want to host it in-house….use a SaaS
provider such as Salesforce.com

• Your email is hosted on an exchange

server in your office and it is very slow…
outsource this using Hosted Exchange.
 • You need to host a large file (5Mb) on
your website and make it available for
35,000 users for only two months
duration. Use Cloud Front from Amazon.

PaaS • You want to start storage services on

your network for a large number of files
and you do not have the storage
capacity…use Amazon S3.
 • You want to run a batch job but you don’t
have the infrastructure necessary to run it
in a timely manner. Use Amazon EC2.

• You want to host a website, but only for a

few days. Use Flexiscale.

IaaS
 Why Cloud Computing?

• Pay per use

• Instant Scalability
• Security
• Reliability
• APIs
Pervasive Computing