Fan & Systems

Chris Carr PE
H. Clay Moore & Associates
Rod Furniss
Howden North America
Key Account Manager - Nuclear

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement
Development of Fan Curves
Performance of Various Blade Shapes
Fan Controls
System Effects

HNA Profile

Aerodynamics
What is a Fan?
Anydeviceforproducingacurrentofairbythemovement
ofabroadsurfaceoranumberofsuchsurfaces.

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Fan Flow Rate

Oftencalledinletvolume
Measuredatthefaninlet,byconvention
Measuredincubicfeetperminute(cfm)
Maybeconvertedtoscfm(standardcubicfeetperminute),ormassflow(lb/hr)
Fanmanufacturerscommonlyuseacfm(actualcubicfeetperminute)

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Pressure
ForceperUnitArea
Commonlymeasuredinpsiorinwg

Absolute Pressure
Pressurewhenthedatumisabsolutezero
iiAlwayspositive

Barometric Pressure
Absolutepressureexertedbytheatmosphere
Alwayspositive

Gauge Pressure
Pressurewhenthedatumisbarometricpressure
Maybepositiveornegative

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Static Pressure
Pressureduetodegreeofcompressionanddensityonly
Maybepositiveornegative

Velocity Pressure
Pressureduetorateofmotionanddensityonly
Alwayspositive

Total Pressure
Algebraicsumofstaticandvelocitypressuresatapoint
Maybepositiveornegative

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Fan Total Pressure

DifferenceinTotalPressurebetweenthefanoutletandfaninlet
FTP=TPo-TPi

Fan Velocity Pressure

Pressurecorrespondingtotheaveragevelocityatthefanoutlet
FVP=VPo

Fan Static Pressure

FanTotalPressureminusFanVelocityPressure
FSP=SPoTPi

Static Pressure Rise

DifferenceinStaticPressurebetweenthefanoutletandfaninlet
SPR=SPo-SPi

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Fan Pressure Terms

ForaGivenFan,SPRis
iiiAlwaysGreaterThanFSP

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IftheSpecifiedPressureis
iiiAssumedtoBeFSP,the
FaniiiSelectedWillBe
Smaller

Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Pitot Static Tube

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Aerodynamics
Pressure & Flow Definitions and Measurement

Fan Laboratory Test Setup

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Aerodynamics
Development of Fan Curves

Fan Curve

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Aerodynamics
Development of Fan Curves

System Curve

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Aerodynamics
Development of Fan Curves

P-V and Peak Fan

Pressure

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Aerodynamics
Development of Fan Curves

Selection Range

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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Common Blade Shapes

Airfoil
BackwardCurved/BackwardInclined
Radial/RadialTip
ForwardCurved
Axial

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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Airfoil
HighestEfficiency
CentrifugalDDesign
LimitLoadHPCharacteristic

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LowNoise
UsuallyforClean
Applications
LargestDiameterCentrifugal
HighestCostCentrifugal

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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Backward Curved /
Backward Inclined
EssentiallyaSingle
TThicknessAirfoil

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Efficiencyslightlylessthan
AAirfoil
LimitLoadHPCharacteristic
LowNoise
ForCleanorDirty
AApplications
LowerCostthanAirfoil
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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Radial / Radial Tip

LowerEfficiency
ContinuouslyRisingHP..
CCharacteristic

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HigherNoiseLevels
MayhavePredominantBFP
TTone
SmallerDiameter
EasilyArmoredforErosive
SService
LowerCost

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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Forward Curved (Sirocco )

TM

LowerEfficiency
ContinuouslyRisingHP
CCharacteristic

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SmallestDiameterCentrifugal
SuitedforHighVolume/Low
PPressure
DistinctiveDipinP-VCurve
SeldomUsedToday

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Aerodynamics
Performance of Various Blade Shapes

Axial
AirflowParalleltoAxisof
RRotation
HighEfficiency
LimitLoadHPCharacteristic

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LowNoise
SuitedforHighVolume/Low
PPressure
AdjustableorControllablePitch
DistinctiveDipinP-VCurve
ControllablePitchhasHigher
CCost

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Fan Control
ReasonsforProvidingFanControl
MethodsofControl
EfficiencyComparison
MechanicalArrangements
ControlCriteria

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Reasons for Providing Fan Control

UncertaintyinSystemCalculations
SafetyFactororMargin
ExpectedChangesintheSystemwithTime
NormalProcessVariations
ProvisionsforExtraordinaryEvents

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

System Pressure Loss

and Fan Design Pressure

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Moving the Operating

Point

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

System Duty Cycle

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Methods of Control
None
Outlet/SystemDamper
InletBoxDampers
VariableInletVanes(VIV)
VariableSpeed
BladePitchControl
CombinationsoftheAbove

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Outlet Damper / System

Damper

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Aerodynamics
Discharge Damper

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Inlet Box Dampers

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Inlet Box Dampers

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Inlet Box Dampers

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IBD

Discharge

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IBD

Discharge

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Variable Inlet Vanes

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Physical Arrangement of
Cantilevered VIV

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Physical Arrangement of
Radial Vane Control

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

VIV Fabrication

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Variable Inlet Vanes

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Variable Speed

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Variable Speed- VFD

and Grol Fluid Drive
Rotating
Stall

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Blade Pitch Control

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Efficiency Comparison

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Physical Arrangement of
Various Control Devices

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Physical Arrangement of
Axial Blade Pitch Control

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Aerodynamics
Fan Controls

Control Criteria
Turndown/Leakage
SensitivitytoChange/Stability/Transients
AccuracyRequired
Repeatability
ExpectedEfficiency
AcousticConsiderations
StructuralConsiderations

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System Effects Poor Flow

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System Effects Poor Flow

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System Effects Poor Flow

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System Effects Poor Flow

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Fan & Systems

Chris Carr PE
H. Clay Moore & Associates
Rod Furniss
Howden North America
Key Account Manager - Nuclear

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