SDH Basics

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Objective
What is SDH?
SDH System
Standards
Frame Structure
Multiplexing
Advantages

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What is SDH?????
SDH is a timing hierarchy
Allows higher and more flexible bit-rates than PDH
Uses a different frame structure and synchronization

Hierarchical synchronization
One master clock to synchronize whole operator network

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SDH System
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
REGENERATOR
ADD / DROP MULTIPLEXER

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Standards
The hierarchy is as follows:
Optical Signal

Bit Rate

Abbreviated as

STM-0

51.84 Mbps

51 Mbps

STM-1

155.52 Mbps

155 Mbps

STM- 4

622.080 Mbps

622 Mbps

STM-16

2488.320 Mbps

2.4 Gbps

STM-64

9953.280 Mbps

10 Gbps

STM-256

39813.12 Mbps

40 Gbps

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TX END

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RX END

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STM-1 Frame Format

Frame =125s

Frame =125s

Frame = 125s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1
2
3

Pointers

Regenerator
Section
Overhead
H1 H2

H3

H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

5
6
7

Multiplex
Section
Overhead

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the
Virtual Container
+
Pointers

8
9

Overhead width = 9 columns

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9 Rows

STM-N Frame Format

Frame = 125s
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Frame Format
STM - Section overhead and
Administrative unit

STM-N

Section overhead Regenerator

section overhead and Multiplex section
overhead

Section
Overhead

Administrative
unit

Administrative unit Virtual container

and pointers

Regenerator
Overhead

Multiplex
overhead

Pointer

Virtual
Container

Virtual container - Payload and Path

overhead information

Path
overhead

1 Byte=8bits * 8000 frames/sec=64 Kbps

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Payload

The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

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The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH
(Path Overhead)
The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
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The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC
formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module (STM-N)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to
AUs

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SDH Multiplexing

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SDH Multiplexing
4 columns

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

Stuffing and
POH

TU 12
9X4
9 rows

TUG-2
9 X 12

TUG-3
9 X 84
Section Over
Head

(9 X 9)

P
O
H

P
O
H

P
O
H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TUG - 3

TUG - 3

9 X 261
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TUG - 3

Advantages
High speed standards
Efficient Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance
capabilities (OAM&P)

A reduction in the amount of equipment .

The provision of overhead and payload bytes
Synchronous multiplexing format for carrying lower-level digital signals is
justified.

The availability of a set of generic standards, which enable multi-vendor

interoperability.

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Thank You

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