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Playback System Model
Playback System Model
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A multimedia playback consists of a diskread which
feeds samples into a (D/A) converter at the same rate at
which they were sampled and a display which consumes
data the rate at which it has recorded.
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The D/A converter creates a signal that closely
approximates the original to the display (or playout) unit.
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If the samples are not delivered to the D/A converter at
precisely the rate at which the sampling occurred, the
reproduced sound (or video) will not match the sampled
sound (or video).
General Playback Framework
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The data is not compressed.
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Digitization of video done by using analog frames of video
data at fixed intervals and storing them in binary form.
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Digitization of audio data is most commonly achieved by
sampling an analog signal at fixed intervals and by storing
the amplitude of each sample in binary form.
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Reading the digitized multimedia data (either video or audio
or text or images, etc.) is used to refer to retrieving data from
the storage device(s), while the term “consume” is used refer
to data being consumed by the D/A converter for playout.
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Delays exist in storage devices and playback units.
Read Function
Consumption Function
Buffer Function
Delays
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Artificial Delays
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Rate of data receiving may be much higher than the rate of
consumption
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May be created in the disk system for optimal utilization of the
resources
● Let a diskread reads at the rate, rt = 4Mbs and the display of
the system consumes the data at the rate, rc = 2Mbs. In this
playback system, there could be an artificial delay at most 1
second. The artificial delay can be induced in slabs. tA = l*d + rc,
where l = number of artificial slabs and d = artificial slab
duration, i.e., 0.1 second.
Delays
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Unavoidable delays
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These are the delays may crop up due to mainly seeking the
information on the disk or reading the data on the old disk
systems which need to be read several times for fetching the
correct data.
● Let a diskread reads at the rate, rt = 4Mbs. During the reading
of data, let seektime (time taken to positioning the first data
item) is 10msec and also, diskread has tried around 50 times to
get the correct 4MB data from the disk since the disk is old,
say, 100msec spent for that. So, totally, it has taken 1:110 sec to
get the data from the disk instead of 1 sec. The extra 110msec
is the unavoidable delay.
Playout Buffers
No Buffer based
playback system
A Buffer based
playback system
Playout Time
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Realtime scheduling approach
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Optimistic playout approach
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Ideal playout approach
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Intervalbased process playout
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Playout Time Calculation
Playout Calculation Algorithm
Playout Calculation
Playout Calculation
Playout Calculation
Minimal Start Time
Continous Stream Playback System
Continuous Stream Playback System
Continuous Stream Playback System
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Buffer requirement for a playback with unavoidable
delays
Buffer Requirement for multichannel environment
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The storage device is dedicated to the multimedia data playback.
● The number of playback applications is nc.
● Each channel has the same consumption rate, rc. The sum of the consumption
rates is at most equals to the transfer rate of the storage device, ncrc ≤ rt.
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Playback can be divided into reading periods during which Sb data are read
for each channel.
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During each reading period, there are some unavoidable delays of nonzero
length that are bounded above by dmax.
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k is defined as the ratio of the data transfer rate of the storage device over the
total data consumption rate, that is, k = [rt/ncrc], since we assume that ncrc ≤ rt,
it must be the case that k ≥ 1.
● lp is defined as the reading period length. This is the delay time plus the
reading time.
Minimum Block Size
Reading Period Length
Sharing Storage Device – Free Time Model
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Free time should be long enough to do reading or writing for
other tasks
● Consider some free time (tf)
to each reading period:
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This can be substituted into the
equation for consumption rate,
and solved for free time to obtain:
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Consider the fraction of time
that the storage device is free
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Increasing the block size will increase the fraction of free time
and also, it happens by decreasing the delay.
Sharing Storage Device – Channel Model
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Reserve some channels to multimedia data playback use, while
requests for nonmultimedia tasks could utilize any available non
reserved channel
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Buffer estimation:
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The multimedia block size:
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MM block must be long enough to supply
data for the length of a reading period
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Equals
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The closer we come to using the maximum number of multimedia
channels, the more costly it is to add other nonmultimedia channels.
Multimedia Playback Server Requirements
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Scalability: both in storage capacity and in the number of video
channels.
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High reliability: A failure of storage or a video channel component
should cause at most only a momentary disruption in service
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High bandwidth: The media server should be capable of supporting
multiple video streams at very high speed rates.
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Realtime performance: The media server must guarantee
continuous streaming of video at the high speed rate, with low jitter.
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Shortterm admission control: The server should control the number
of active video streams
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Longterm admission control and Program packaging
End User Service Requirements
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Service availability
– availability of each of the offered multimedia presentations
at any point in time.
– presentation instances should start with minimal delay.
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Maximization of presentation quality
– Multimedia presentations must be performed with minimal
deviations from their specifications
Presentation Provider’s Requirements
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Minimization of rejected customers
– Each provider wants to reach as many users as possible
such that the number of rejected users
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Maximization of total presentation quality
– This parallels the discussion of maximizing the
presentation quality with respect to the users.
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Individualizeable presentationspecific adaptation
profiles
– Service providers should be allowed to influence how the
system adapts instances of their presentations.
Playout Management Task
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Device Management
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Data Stream Management
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Synchronization Enforcement
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Support of Interactivity
PerformanceBased Reactive
Playout Management Model
PBRPM
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Besteffort prefetch process loads the multimedia data
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Current throughput of this process: Buffer safety level: S, Current
playout presentation quality: Qp.
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PBRPM enforcement process keeps track of current buffer level B
and identifies situations that require d or iadaptations depending
on B
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It determines a proper d or iadaptation schedule and realizes the
schedule.
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After all data already in the buffer prior to the adaptation is
presented, the playout process switches to Q1p implied by the
adaptation schedule.
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Without any delay, the prefetch process changes its presentation
quality Qp to Qb implied by the adaptation schedule.