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Quality of Service
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Provide guarantees on the ability of a network to deliver predictable
results.
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Elements of network performance within the scope of QoS often
include availability (uptime), bandwidth (throughput), latency
(delay), and error rate.
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Multimedia Traffic Parameters
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peak arrival rate of the multimedia data when the source is in the
active state(peak rate);
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average data unit arrival rate;
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burstiness: ratio between the peak data rate and the average data
rate;
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average duration of the active state.
Multimedia Traffic Characterization
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A requirement for realtime transmission of continuous media
information (audio and video);
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Substantial volumes of data to be exchanged due to the encoding of
continuous media information;
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Distributionoriented applications; and
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Longrange dependency (or similarity)
Categories of QoS Parameters
Quality of Service requirements
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throughput
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transit delay
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delay variation
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error rate
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multicasting and broadcasting capabilities
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document caching capabilities
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The QoS is the collective eect of service performances which
determine the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service..
QoS Mapping Diagram
QoS Coordination
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QoS translation captures application QoS requirements
and configures system and network QoS specification
correspondingly.
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QoS control mechanisms provide realtime traffic control
of flows based on requested levels of QoS established
during the connection. The basic QoS control mechanisms
include traffic shaping, scheduling and flow control.
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QoS management mechanisms ensure the contracted QoS
is sustained, which operate on a slower time scale and
implement the QoS monitoring, maintenance,
renegotiation and scalability.
QoS Coordination
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Allow explicit specification of QoS parameters when creating a
session for multimedia transmission;
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Translate application QoS parameters into network layer QoS
parameters;
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Negotiate QoS demands on the application's behaviours;
reserve the necessary resources at communication systems if
negotiation is successful;
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Perform dynamic QoS management on existing sessions;
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Employ admission control to check if enough resources are
available to satisfy a new application; and
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Regulate and monitor all sessions to protect network resources
from misbehaving users.
QoS requirements at different levels
Network Characteristics
Generalized QoS Framework
Access
Service Level
Provider
Agreement
Service
Provider
Network Resource
Provider Provider
Autonomous Systems
QoS Principles for MM Data Traffic Governing
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integration principle states that QoS must be configurable,
predictable and maintainable over all architectural layers to meet
endtoend QoS.
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separation principle states that media transfer, control and
management are functionally distinct architectural activities.
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transparency principle states that applications should be shielded
from the complexity of underlying QoS specification and QoS
management.
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multiple timescales principle guides the division of functionality
between architectural modules and pertains to the modeling of
control and management mechanisms.
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performance principle subsumes a number of widely agreed rules
for the implementation of QoSdriven communications systems
QoS Provision Mechanisms Components
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QoS Mapping
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Automatic translation between representations of QoS at
different system levels
QoS Provision Mechanisms
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Admission Testing
– It is responsible for comparing the resource
requirement arising from the requested QoS against
the available resources in the system.
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Resource reservation protocols
– These protocols arrange for the allocation of suitable end
system and network resources according to the user QoS
specication.
QoS Control Mechanisms
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Flow shaping regulates flows based on user supplied flow
performance specifications
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Flow scheduling manages the forwarding of flows in the end
system and network in an integrated manner
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Flow policing: dual monitoring: observes whether QoS
contracted by a provider is being maintained whereas the
former observes whether the QoS contracted by a user is being
adhered to
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Flow control which includes both openloop and closed loop
schemes
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Flow synchronisation which is required to control the event
ordering and precise timings of multimedia interaction
QoS Management Mechanisms
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QoS monitoring allows each level of the system to track the
ongoing QoS levels achieved by the lower layer
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QoS maintenance compares the monitored QoS against the
expected performance and then exerts tuning operations
on resource modules to sustain the delivered QoS.
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QoS degradation issues a QoS indication to the user when
it determines that the lower layers have failed to maintain
the QoS of the flow
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QoS availability allows the application to specify the
interval over which one or more QoS parameters
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QoS scalability comprises QoS filtering and QoS
adaptation mechanisms.
QoS System Layers
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protocols transport, network
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network
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middleware
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operating system scheduling, resource
management, realtime support
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distributed platforms CPU, memory/buyers, devices
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application
QoS Specification
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QoS specification encompasses requirements for:
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performance expected performance characteristics are needed
to establish resource commitments,
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synchronization characterizes the degree of synchronization
required between related services, events, or information flows,
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level of service species the degree of resource commitment
required to maintain performance guarantees,
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cost of service the price a user is willing to incur to obtain a
level of service,
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QoS management the degree of QoS adaptation that can be
tolerated and scaling actions to be taken in the event the
contracted QoS cannot be met.
QoS Parameters
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Classification of multimedia QoS in communication
layers.
QoS Parameters
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An example of QoS parameters at different levels
specified
User Level QoS Parameters
Application Level QoS Parameters
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Endtoend level
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Unicast or multicast;
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Dedicated to the transfer of a single
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Flow of application data;
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Able to offer a specific QoS;
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To support multimedia applications, the following six
network criteria are critical: throughput; transit delay;
delay variation; error rate; multicasting; and
broadcasting capabilities document caching capabilities.
Transport Level QoS
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In addition to QoS parameters, an application must
specify four service parameters:
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The first one characterizes the traffic generated by the
multimedia application sender;
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The second one designates which transport protocol to use
(UDP, TCP);
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The third one designates the IP layer's QoS management
desired by the application;
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The final parameter identifies the address, either unicast
or multicast, of set of a destination applications.
Network Level QoS
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On the data path: QoS functions are applied by routers at
the packet level in order to provide different levels of
service.
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On the control path: QoS functions concern routers
configuration and act to enforce the QoS provided.
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Three services have been defined at the IP level:
– GS (Guaranteed Service) is used for data flows having
strong constraints in both delay and reliability;
– AS (Assured Service) is appropriate for responsive flows
having no strong constraints in terms of delay, but
requiring a minimum average bandwidth;
– BE (Best Effort) service offers no QoS guarantees.
Network Services
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Rule 1: Services are applied endtoend, between source
and destination, at all network elements in the path of the
application flow. This includes the systems' device drivers,
operating systems, and application interfaces.
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Rule 2: Services are configurable using QoS
characteristics at each network element in the path of the
application flow.
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Rule 3: Services are verifiable within the applicable
network. These rules are necessary conditions for services
to be meaningful within the network and to their high
priority applications.
Service Components
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Maintaining service state of all network elements and end
systems.
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User and application support for network services,
including a general mapping of application requirements
to QoS characteristics.
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Defining service levels and QoS characteristics.
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Mechanisms to evaluate service requests, congure
authorized requests in the network, and manage network
resources. Rules for how services and network resources
are allocated and managed are part of these mechanisms.
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Mechanisms for fault detection and management.
Service Components
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Service Mechanisms
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service system will evaluate service requests to
determine if the network has sufficient resources to
support it
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Fault Detection and Management
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When faults occur on the network, such as routing
transients, hardware and software failures, the
service system will have the capability to recover
from faults and reestablish services to its users and
applications.
Service Mechanism Components
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The service system gathers and maintains state for all network
elements and end systems.A user makes a request for a network
service.
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The service system evaluates the service request from the
user/application, and either denies the request, accepts the request,
or offers alternatives to the service level requested
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If the service request is accepted, the service system configures the
network elements and end systems in the path of the application
flow with the QoS characteristics associated with the service level.
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Service system manages network resources for the duration of
service request, then releases the resources at the end of the
request, updating the service system's state and services tables.
Network Quality of Service Architecture
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The QoS in the network consists of several software
components, implemented on all network elements and
endsystems in the path of each application flow that
receives QoS from the network.
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The network service software components of QoS:
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Service system (server) software.
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Device drivers for specialized endequipment.
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OS/APIs for endhosts, possible including endequipment.
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Sets of rules for how service requests are evaluated and
managed, and how network faults are managed, will be
developed and integrated into this software.
Service System Software
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The service system is the kernel of service request
handling and support.
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Service system software is implemented on one or more
servers in the network, and it interfaces with
users/applications, network elements, and with end
systems.
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The service system supports all of the components:
maintaining service state, user and application support,
mechanisms to evaluate, configure, and manage service
requests, managing network resources, and mechanisms
for fault detection and management.
Device Drivers
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As agents for service system software in endequipment,
device drivers keep state information about its end
equipment, and translate service requests into device
specific configuration characteristics.
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A device driver for an Magnetic Resonance Imaging keeps
information about active and scheduled service requests,
fault information, and the types of devicespecific services
that it can offer to the network.
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Devicespecific service information can be presented by the
service system to users/applications, to help them to
determine which devices they want to use.
OS/APIs
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Operating System (OS) software or application
programming interfaces (APIs) in endsystems (PCs,
workstations, supercomputers, parallel systems) will
provide a similar function as device drivers do for end
systems (devices), keeping state information, fault
information, and service information specific to end
systems.
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User interface function to users/applications,
communicating with the preprocessor of the service
system.
Modelling for QoS Management
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Metadata required for the management of multimedia:
metadata about the representation, the structure, the
content, the storage and the versions.
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Categories of QoS information
– the user
– the system components
– the multimedia documents.
QoS Modelling
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QoS Parameters associated with system components
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User's QoS Parameters
Model based QoS Management
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QoS Adoption Space
Policy based
QoS Authentication,
Authorization, and
Management
Accounting
Policy
Server
Lightweight
Directory
Access Protocol
Heidelberg QoS Model
OMEGA QoS Management Architecture
IntServ Architecture of QoS Manager
EndSystem QoS Framework