EXPLAIN IN DETAIL ARCS

MODEL OF MOTIVATIONAL
DESIGN (KELLER)
1. ATTENTION
A .Perceptual arousal
B. Inquiry arousal
Methods for grabbing learners
attention:-
a. Specific examples
b. Active Participation or
Hands-on
c. Incongruity and Conflict
d. Inquiry
e. Humour
f. Variability
 2.RELEVANCE
• Experience
• Present Worth
• Future Usefulness
• Needs Matching
• Modeling
• Choice -
 3.CONFIDENCE
• Provide Objectives and
Prerequisites (required as a
prior condition)
• Grow the Learners
• Feedback
• Learner Control
 4.SATISFACTION

• Satisfaction is based upon motivation –

• Provide opportunities –
• Provide feedback
Some basic rules:
• Do not annoy the learner by over-rewarding
simple behaviour.
• negative consequences-
• too many extrinsic rewards
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
by
David A. Kolb
• Process of making meaning from direct
experience.

• Learning through reflection on doing, which is

often contrasted with rote learning.

• Example:
Going to the zoo and learning through
observation and interaction with the zoo
environment, as opposed to reading about
animals from a book. Thus, one makes
discoveries and experiments with knowledge
firsthand, instead of hearing or reading about
others' experiences.
• Requires no teacher and relates solely
to the meaning making process of the
individual's direct experience.

• However, though the gaining of

knowledge is an inherent process that
occurs naturally.

• For a genuine learning experience to

occur, there must exist certain
elements.
• In order to gain genuine knowledge
from an experience, certain abilities
are required:

1.) the learner must be willing to be

actively involved in the experience;
2.) the learner must be able to reflect
on the experience;
3.) the learner must possess decision
making and problem solving skills in
order to use the new ideas gained
from the experience.
• Can be a highly effective educational
method.
• Reason why games are popular as
experiential learning techniques is because
of the "fun factor.
• Learning through fun helps the learner to
retain the lessons for a longer period.
• A fun learning environment, with plenty of
laughter and respect for the learner's
abilities, also fosters an effective experiential
learning environment.
FACILITATIVE LEARNING
CARL ROGERS
 WHAT IS FACILITATIVE
LEARNING
• Learning will occur when teacher acting
as a facilitator.
• Students are open to asks questions
and then they apply what they know to
solve the problems.
• Teacher need to study their students to
offer facilitative conditions.
• Students understand better because
they are involve in the learning
process.
Teacher become facilitator to provide
more:
a)Responses to students feeling.
b)Discussion with students.
c)Praise of students
d)Tailoring of contents to the individual
student’s frame of reference
( explanation created to fit the
immediate needs of the learners)
e)To built up their discipline.
 ADVANTAGES
• Students are motivated to learn.
• Fewer discipline problems and
vandalism.
• All levels of learners can succeed.
• Students apply their knowledge to the
real world.
• Students gather important educational
concepts and know how to solve
problems.
 DISADVANTAGES
• The classroom can be more chaotic.
• Problems-solving can be difficult for
students who are used to a more
structured learning environment.
• Teachers must adapt quickly with the
changes in their teaching and allow
for more open-ended learning.
• Teachers must set clear, challenging
goals for students.
 HOW TO IMPLEMENT IN
CLASSROOM?
• Example of the activity:
1.Teacher gives a questions to students.
2.Teacher facilitate and monitor the student.
3.Teachers are not providing the answer but
make a discussion with the students.
4.Students will provide the answer.
Invitational Learning

By William W. Purkey
 What is invitational learning?

• It is a remarkably direct but evocative model of

schooling.

• To make school "the most inviting place in town“.

• School is a place where students feel welcome,

appreciated, and encouraged to realize their potential and
to respect the unique worth of themselves and others.
The invitational approach to education
derives from two theoretical
perspectives:

• Perceptual psychology
• Self-concept theory.
• Perceptual psychology:
The perceptual tradition sees behaviour as a
function of the individual's perceived world.

• Self-concept theory:
Self-concept consists of each person's unique
system of perceptions about the self in
relation to one's environment.
 Implementation in classroom
setting
• To make your classroom more inviting
include signs and posters that welcome
visitors and students themselves.

• Offer validating messages to students,

bulletin boards that advertise class
activities and events
 Advantages
• They will feel proud of their school and
themselves.

• They have the rules and the rules will

make them more discipline if the system
management is perfect.
 Disadvantages
• They might be make the school as a place
to meet with friends and gather to fight
each other.

• The physical environment will damage

because of those student’s attitudes.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

By: Abraham Maslow

 MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• Abraham Maslow (1954) attempted to produce a large body
of research related to human motivation.
• 2 groupings: deficiency needs and growth needs..
• The deficiency needs may be seen as "basic", and can be met
and neutralized .
• The first four levels are:
- Physiological
- Safety/security
- Belongingness and Love
- Esteem
• An individual is ready to act upon the growth needs if
and only the deficiency needs are met.
• The growth need of self-actualization is differentiate,
specifically the first two growth needs as part of the
more general level of self-actualization (Maslow &
Lowery, 1998) They are:
-Cognitive
-Aesthetic
• The other level is focused on growth beyond that
oriented towards self (Maslow, 1971). They are:
-Self-actualization
-Self-transcendence
 IMPLEMENTATION IN
CLASSROOM SETTING
• The teacher must truly believe in her/his students.
• These needs are addressed through love and the individual’s
importance in the classroom.
• Students are seen daily under all circumstances and work
with human stimulus-response patterns.
• The students must also develop a positive, constructive and
consistent self-image to make the classroom environment
structured and supportive.
• Teachers stress the intrinsic value on each student and
attempt to motivate every student to do their best on their
work and assignments.
 The advantages of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs

• Helps to understand people's needs.

• Helps to decide rewards at each level.
• Helps in recognizing potential
• Helps to motivate employees
 The disadvantages of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs
• People are much less structured in the way they
satisfied their needs.
• People with different cultural backgrounds and in
different situations may have different hierarchies of
needs.
• Other researcher claim that other needs are also
significant or even more significant.