Correlation

Design
Marcial Bonnie Salac

COR-RELATION
Psychologist describe
behavior and look for
correlations using:
Case Study
Survey
Naturalistic Observation

Coefficient of
Numerical
indication
of
Correlation
magnitude and direction of the
relationship between two
variables...
+ 2 variables vary
systematically in the same
direction.
- 2 variables vary
systematically in the opposite
direction.

Scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which
represents the value of two variables.
the slope of the points suggests the
direction of the relationship.
the amount of the scatter suggests the
strength of the correlations.
little scatter indicates high correlation
also called a scattergram or scatter
diagram.

Correlation
Coefficient
a statistic measure of the
extent which two factors vary
together and thus how well
either factor predicts the
other.

Height and Temperament

of 20 men
Sample Height

Temp

Sample Height

Temp

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

75
66
60
90
60
42
42
60
81
39

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

48
69
72
57
63
75
30
57
84
39

80
63
61
79
74
69
62
75
77
60

64
76
71
66
73
70
63
71
68
70

100
84
68
52
36
20
60

65

70

75

80

85

3 POSSIBLE
Cause-Effect Relationship
Low Self-Esteem
Depression
Distressing
Events /
Biological
Disposition

coul
d
caus
e
coul
d
caus
e
coul
d
caus
e

Depression

Low Self-Esteem

Depression

Low Self-Esteem

CORRELATION

X
CAUSATION

Case Study

Researchers study one or more

individuals in great depth in the
hope of revealing things true of us
all...
Advantage
Disadvantage

a wealth of background
information about one
person
useful in something

new

information cannot be
generalized to others;
also, researchers bias
can influence subjects
behavior
may contain evidence
that a certain
researcher is thought

Survey
techniques for ascertaining
the self-reported attitudes or
behaviors of people, how
people feel attitudes and
opinions.
usually by questioning a
representative, random
sample of people

Validity and Wording

Effects

Even subtle changes in order or

wording of questions can have major
effects
Advantage
Disadvantage

information can be

gathered about feeling,

opinion, and behavior
patterns.

interpretation is
difficult
sample may not be
represented

more SURVEY
disadvantages
Willingness to participate
False consensus effect
tendency to overestimate the extent to
which others share our beliefs and
behaviors.
Population
all the cases in a group from which
sample may be drawn for a study.

Samples and
Sampling
Sample
Selected segment of the population
Representative Sample
closely parallels the population on relevant
characteristics
Random Selection
every member of larger group has equal change
of being selected for the study sample

Marbles in a Jar
if marbles of
two colors are
mixed well in a
large jar, the
fastest way to
know their ratio
is to blindly
transfer a few
into a smaller
one and count
them.

Naturalistic
Observation
observing and recording
behavior in naturally occurring
situation without trying to
manipulate and control the
situation.

Disadvantage

Researcher cannot interact with the subject.

Researcher may interpret subjects responses
incorrectly
people tend to act differently when they know they
are being observed Hawthorn Effect or reactivity.
Ethically you have to tell people that you are
observing them.

Quasi Experiment
Studies that have the same
control as experiment yet do
not include the random
assignment of participants
Example: DRUG use during
PREGNANCY.

Relationship
between school
facility
conditions and
the delivery of
instruction

Purpose
The purpose of the study is to
investigate the effects of school
facility conditions on the
delivery of instructions from the
perspective of school principals
in the USA.

Research Design
Multivariate correlational design
Quality of ten facility
conditions affects the delivery
of instructions

10 facility
conditions
Maintenance of school
Artificial light
Natural light
Heating
Air conditioning

10 facility
conditions
Ventilation
Indoor air quality
Acoustic and noise reduction
Ceilings, walls, floors
Size and configurations

Control variables
Size
Locale
Instructional level
Poverty
Minority

Hypothesis
Increase in the quality of school
facility conditions MIGHT have a
positive effect on the level in of
delivery of instructions

FRSS 88: Public School

Principals' Perceptions of Their
Facilities: Fall 2005

Samples
1,205 public school in 50 states
47 are ineligible - closed or
merged
1,158 eligible schools
1,045 completed the
questionnaire
1,037 final sample - permanent

Jack-knife
replication

Cronbach's

0.866

Findings
6 out of 10 are statistically
positive associated with the
delivery of instruction

Configuration of classroom
Air conditioning
Physical conditions
Indoor air quality
Natural lighting
Acoustic / Noise control

The findings of this study provided

much-needed evidence to
educators, policymakers, and
legislators who are in dire need of
research-based guidance on the
effects of school facilities.

The research supported the notion

that educational facilities do
matter and they affect of delivery
of instructions

The findings of the study may also

have implication to other fields in
regard to the effects of facility
conditions on the effectiveness of
personnel at any workplace.