THE STRUCTURE OF

ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
Dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M.Biomed
Anatomy Department Udayana Medical School
http://mandewardana.blogspot.com

ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
The alimentary canal, about 9 mm
long
The accessory digestive organs

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ORAL REGION

The oral region includes:

The oral cavity
Gingivae
Palate
Teeth
Tongue
The palatine tonsils

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 The mouth is the primary portal of the alimentary

system and a secondary portal for the respiratory
system
The oral cavity extends from the oral fissure to the
oropharyngeal isthmus
It is divided by the upper and lower jaws and their
dental arcades into a superficial oral vestibule
(between the lips and cheeks and the gingival and
teeth) and a deeper oral cavity proper (internal to the
jaws and dental arcades)
The oral cavity (and specifically the oral vestibule) is
bounded by the lips and cheeks, which are flexible
dynamic musculofibrous folds containing muscles,
neurovasculature, and mucosal glands, covered
superficially with skin and deeply with oral mucosa
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Oral cavity
The oral cavity
consists of two
parts:
Oral vestibule
Oral cavity
proper

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Leeps and cheeks

The lips are mobile, musculofibrous
folds surrounding the mouth, extending
from the nasolabial sulci and nares
laterally and superiorly to the
mentolabial sulcus inferiorly
They contain the orbicularis oris and
superior and inferior labial muscles,
vessels, and nerves.
The lips are covered externally by skin
and internally by mucous membrane
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Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae

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Cheeks
(L. buccae) have essentially the same structure as
the lips with which they are continuous.
The cheeks form the movable walls of the oral
cavity.
Anatomically, the external aspect of the cheeks
constitutes the buccal region, bounded anteriorly
by the oral and mental regions (lips and chin),
superiorly by the zygomatic region, posteriorly by
the parotid region, and inferiorly by the inferior
border of the mandible.
The principal muscles of the cheeks are the
buccinators.
Numerous small buccal glands lie between the
mucous membrane and the buccinators.
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THE PALATE
The palate forms the roof of the
mouth
It consist of two regions:
The hard palate in front
The soft palate behind

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The hard palate

Is formed by the palatine processes of
the maxillae and the horizontal plates of
the palatine bones
It is bounded in front and at the sides by
alveolar arches and gums
Behind, it continuous with the soft palate
It is covered with a dense tissue, formed
by the periosteum and mucous
membrane
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Soft palate
Is a movablefold, suspendedfrom the
posterior border of the hard palate,
and extending downwards and
backwards between the oral and
nasal parts of the pharynx

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The palatine musculature

The levator veli palatini: is cylindrical
muscle situated on the lateral side of
the posterior nasal aperture
Action: elevates soft palate during
swallowing and yawning

The tensor veli palatini: is a thin,

triangular muscle, which lie lateral to
medial pterygoid plate, the auditory
tube and the levator veli palatini
Action: tenses soft palate and opens mouth
of pharyngotympanic tube during
swallowing and yawning
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 The musculus uvulae: a bilateral structure,

arises from the posterior nasal spine of the
palatine bones and from the palatine
aponeurosis
Action: shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly

The palatoglossus: is a small, fleshy

fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at the
ends, forming, with the mucous membrane
covering its surfaces
Action: elevates posterior part of tongue and draws
soft palate onto tongue
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 The palatopharyngeus: consist two

fasciculi, which are separated by levator
veli palatini.
Posterior fasciculus is in contact with the
mucous membrane covering the pharyngeal
surface of the palate
Anterior fasciculus, the thicker, passes between
the levator and the tensor veli palatini
Action: tenses soft palate and pulls walls of
pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially
during swallowing
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MASTICATION MUSCLES

Temporalis m.
Masseter m.
Lateral pterygoid m.
Medial pterygoid m.

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THE SALIVARY GLAND

The parotid gland:
Is the largest, weight 25 gr, irreguler,
lobulated, yellowish mass, lying below the
external acoustic meatus, between the
mandible and th sternocleidomastoid
The parotid duct: is about 5 cm long, crosses
the masseter, and at the anterior border
turns inwards pass through the corpus
adiposum of the cheec and pierces the
buccinator
Opens upon small papilla on the oral surface
of the cheek opposite the crown of the
second upper molar tooth
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 The submandibular
Is irregular form
About a size of a walnut
Submandibular duct is about 5 cm long

The sublingual gland

Is the smallest
It is narrow, flattened, shaped like almond
Weight between 3-4 gr
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THEET

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TONGUE, PHARYNX AND

ESOPHAGUS
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Muscle of Tongue
The extrinsic muscles:
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and
palatoglossus originate outside the tongue
and attach to it. They mainly move the
tongue but they can alter its shape as well

Intrinsic Muscles:
The superior and inferior longitudinal,
transverse, and vertical muscles are
confined to the tongue. They have their
attachments entirely within the tongue and
are not attached to bone
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PHARYNX
External layer: constrict walls of
pharynx during swallowing
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor

Internal layer: elevate (shorten and

widen) pharynx and larynx during
swallowing and speaking
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
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ESOPHAGUS
Is a muscular tube
Consists of striated (voluntary) muscle in its upper
third, smooth (involuntary) muscle in its lower third,
and a mixture of striated and smooth muscle in
between.
Its first part, the cervical esophagus, is part of the
voluntary upper third. It begins immediately posterior
to, and at the level of, the inferior border of the
cricoid cartilage in the median plane. This is the level
of the C6 vertebra.
Externally, the pharyngoesophageal junction appears
as a constriction produced by the cricopharyngeal
part of the inferior constrictor muscle (the superior
esophageal sphincter) and is the narrowest part of
the esophagus
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TERIMA KASIH

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