Académique Documents
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Introduction to Cellular
concepts, RF, and iDEN.
Basic Radio
Modulator
Oscillator
Amplifier
Antenna
Basic Radio
Vocoder
Converts voice tones
into binary format.
Oscillator
Speaker
Basic Radio
Antenna
851.0125 MHz
851.0375 MHz
865.9750 MHz
Phone Receiver
Modulation
Unmodulated
carrier
Frequency
modulated
carrier
Amplitude
modulated
carrier
Phase
modulated
carrier
1
1
0
0
0
1
Frequencies are
measured in Hertz
(Hz), or cycles per
second. 860 MHz
would be equal to
860 million cycles
per second.
Spectrum
The Radio Spectrum consists of frequencies from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Nextel
sites transmit at frequencies from 851 MHz to 866 MHz. Nextel sites
receive frequencies from 806 MHz to 821 MHz. This frequency range is
known as the SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) band.
0 Hz
60 Hz AC
electrical
power
1310 kHz
Sports Talk
AM Radio
Station
94.5 MHz
Alternative
music FM
Station
1.5 GHz
PCS
Carriers
3 kHz
300 GHz
600 channels
SMR RX
A band Cellular RX
B band Cellular RX
SMR TX
A band Cellular TX
B band Cellular TX
15 MHz
806 MHz
821 MHz
851 MHz
866 MHz
894 MHz
Spectrum
866 MHz
Bandwidth
25 kHz
865.9750 MHz
851.0125 MHz
851.0000 MHz
851.0375 MHz
866.0000 MHz
This frequency range represent the range of frequencies transmitted by the sites and received by the subscribers phones.
Summary Slide
Power and Signal Strength
P
dB 10 log out
Pin
2
3dB
1
10 log
1
3dB
2
10 log
( watts )
dBm 10 log
.001
( watt )
.002 ( watts )
3dBm 10 log
.001
( watt )
35
45.4dBm
A typical received signal strength is -85 dBm, which equals 0.00000000000316227766
.001 watts
10 log
130.4watts.
dB
The difference between the transmitted and received signals, in watts, is 34.999999999996800
.00000000000316227766
.001
45.4dBm
85dBm
Expressed as a ratio, the transmitted signal is 10,964,781,960,000 times more powerful than the received signal,
35times!
watts .00000000000316227766 watts 35.9999999999968watts
almost 11 trillion
35watts
10when
,964,781
,960,000 and comparing
As you can see, dBm is a much more convenient unit to use
measuring
.00000000000316227766watts
signal strengths. If your received signal strength improves to -80dBm, it is much easier to
say that it increased by 5 dB rather than it increased by 0.00000000000683772234 watts.
Thermal Noise
-127 dBm
-130 dBm
25 kHz
50 kHz
The noise figure for an iDEN phone is approximately 9 dB. This means the
phones receiver, by amplifying thermal noise, and by generating its own
internal noise, is producing a noise power at the output of the receiver
which is 9 dB higher than thermal noise. The sum (-121 dBm) becomes
the noise floor of the receiver; the receiver cannot detect any signals
below this value.
-121 dBm
NF = 9 dB
-130 dBm
25 kHz
A signal being received has to be high enough above the noise floor of the
receiver for the receiver to be able to detect and demodulate it.
The ratio of the strength of the desired signal to the strength of the
receiver noise floor is called the signal to noise ratio (S/N).
-91 dBm
30dB
S
25 kHz
-116 dBm
-121 dBm
Analog cellular phones or two-way radios, or even
you favorite radio station, will sound noisy or
staticy when the Signal to Noise ratio is too low.
860.0125 MHz
5dB
860.0375 MHz
ratio
SignaldBm
N oisedBm
Interference
Interference is caused when two carriers transmitting on the same frequency, but
modulated with different voice or data, are received by the phones receiver. The
effect is shown below. The top frequency is the desired carrier , modulated with
someones voice, coming from a nearby transmitter. The second signal, at the same
frequency but modulated with someone elses voice, is coming from a more distant
transmitter (resulting in the lower amplitude).
Combine the two signals, which is what the phones receiver will do since it is tuned to this frequency, and you
get what you see below: a mess, cross talk, garbled audio. If the second signal were on a different frequency,
the phones receiver would not be able to see it; no interference. What you see below is commonly called cochannel interference.
Interference
The ratio of the power of the desired signal to the power of the
interfering signal is call C/I (C to I) ratio. It is similar to signal to
noise ratio; the exception being that C/I assumes the strength of
the interfering signal is above the receiver noise floor. It is also
called C/I+N ratio.
The desired signal on the right is experiencing a lower C/I+N because
of interference. If 20 dB is the desired C/I+N, it can be achieved by
increasing the desired signal strength by 5 dB, or by lowering the
-101 dBm
interfering signal by 5 dB.
Interfering signal
C/I+N = 20 dB
C/I+N = 15 dB
-116 dBm
-121 dBm
Carrier
C
SQE
IN
I nterference N oise
This is the SQE shown on your phone in trace mode. The bars on your phone
display also represent SQE. SQE is dependent on the ratio of the strength of the
desired signal to the strength of the interfering signal. Higher signal strength
will give you higher SQE, more interference will give you a lower SQE.
Interference
P
-99 dBm
-101 dBm
SQE = 20 dB
-110 dBm
-119 dBm
-121 dBm
SQE = 9 dB
Interference
The C/I+N specification for iDEN is 20 dB. The desired carrier
signal must be at least 20 dB above any noise and interference
to obtain good voice quality. C/I+N above 20 dB does not
necessarily result in further improvements in voice quality, but
C/I+N below 20 dB can definitely result in reduced voice quality.
Maintaining a C/I+N of 20 dB or higher throughout the market is
the goal of a system design and system optimization.
Areas with low SQE are generally caused by two things:
Carrier signal strength is low. Even with no interference, the carrier
is too weak to be more than 20 dB above the noise floor.
Interference is too high. Even in areas with a strong carrier, the level
of interference may be strong enough to push SQE below 20 dB.
Frequency Reuse
Interference comes from frequency reuse. We use the same frequency multiple time throughout a
market area. Why do we do this when we know it will cause interference? CAPACITY.
The FCC has allocated 15 MHz, or 600 channels to the SMR band. The spectrum around the SMR
band is allocated to Cellular. In other words, spectrum is a finite resource, there is no more
spectrum available to allocate to the SMR band. There will never be more than 600 channels
available to Nextel unless we adopt a new technology which utilizes a range of frequencies other
than the SMR frequencies.
Consider the two scenarios below. Assume Nextel owns 280 frequencies in a market (Each of the Texas markets
has approximately that number). Assume we do not reuse frequencies, so all 280 have to be divided up by
6 channels can support
Few big, high sites
among the sites in each market.
40
40
6
6
6
6
370
busy hour customers. If our
entire system has 49 sites,
we can only support 18,130
total customers during a
busy hour.
40
40
Channels
per site
40
40
40
Frequency Reuse
Now assume we can reuse frequencies within a market. Sites are group
geographically into reuse clusters. In this case each cluster consists of
seven sites each. The 280 frequencies available to the market are divided
up among the seven sites in a cluster, giving each site 40 channels apiece.
Those same 280 channels are reused in all the other clusters in the
system.
40 channels can support 3,400 busy hour customers.
Each cluster is capable of serving 23,800 customers.
Seven clusters give this system a busy hour capacity
of 166,600 customers.
40
40
40
40
40
40
This system will have more than 9 times the capacity
of the similar system from the previous page.
However, because we are reusing frequencies, we are
introducing interference, and quality will decline.
40
Interfering Cells
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Serving Cell
40
40
40
Quality vs Capacity
K
Capacity
Interference
Quality
Increasing K increases the distance between the interfering sites. This is why interference decreases, and quality increases.
Capacity
Interference
K=7
K=12
40
23
Quality
Propagation Constant
RSSI vs Distance
Common sense tells us that signal strength from a site decreases as we move
farther away from a site, whether it is a serving site, or an interfering site. The
reduction in signal strength is quantifiable through the following relationship:
n
RSSI d
n = 3.8 Texas
n = 4 typical mobile radio environment
n = 4.8 New York City
Quality vs Capacity
Using the propagation constant we can see that C/I is related to the ratio
of the radius of a sites coverage area, to the distance from the interfering
RSSI d n
n
sites. If
C Radius
Then:
and
n
is tan ce
I 6D
Therefore:
RSSI of the serving cell (C) is proportional to the radius (to the n th power) of
the serving cells coverage area.
Interference (I) is proportional to the distance from the serving cell (to the n th
power) to the interfering cell. Since there are 6 potential interfering cells, this
is multiplied by six.
C
R n
I
6 D n
or R
or R
then
C
SQE
I
then
C
SQE
I
Capacity vs Quality
If our C/I is 20 dB (100:1) and our propagation constant is 3.8, then our D/R ratio
would equal:
1
D C
6
R I
3.8
5.38
1
5.382
10
3
Our desired C/I (SQE), along with our propagation constant, determine what our
maximum reuse efficiency can be.
In order to achieve this reuse, the RF engineers must establish a proper ratio
between the coverage areas of sites, and the distance between co-channel sites.
600
If we increase the coverage area (radius) of our sites, we must increase the distance
between co-channel sites to maintain desired SQE. Doing this reduces reuse efficiency,
which reduces capacity.
If we increase the coverage area of our sites, and DO NOT increase the distance
between co-channel sites, our SQE will degrade below an acceptable level.
This is one of the reasons we cannot simply design big booming sites to cover
large areas. Our capacity would be significantly reduced.
Key Points
Frequency spectrum is the ultimate limit on cellular capacity.
We reuse available frequencies within a market to increase
system capacity.
Frequency reuse introduces interference, reducing quality.
Signal quality is measure by C/I, or SQE. The minimum
acceptable SQE is 20 dB.
C/I is the ratio of the signal strength of the desired signal to
the signal strength of the interfering signals.
Capacity and Quality are inversely proportional.
C/I, reuse efficiency, radii of sites, and distance between cochannel sites are all interrelated and impact capacity and
quality.
Interference Reduction
Sectorization
R n
I
2 D n
D C
2
R I
R
K
D
200
3 .8
4.03
6
3
4.03
Reducing the distance required between cochannel sites allows us to reduce our reuse
factor, increasing capacity without sacrificing
quality.
D
Secotizing does NOT increase capacity of individual sites. It only increases
total system capacity through more efficient reuse. In fact, sectoring an
individual site reduces the capacity of that site through a reduction in trunking
efficiency. Trunking efficiency refers to the ability of a large, single pool of
frequencies to handle more traffic than smaller, separate pools of frequencies,
although the total number of frequencies may be the same.
Trunking Efficiency
14
42
14
14
Large pool of frequencies more
efficient than 3 smaller pools.
Propagation
Now that we understand the concepts of signal strength and C/I we can talk about
what happens to the signal from the time it leaves the transmitter to the time it gets
to your phone. Here are some of the elements that affect received signal strength
(RSSI).
nsite (ERP-effective radiated power).
TransmittedRSSI
power from
dthe
Path loss.
Site antenna height and phone antenna height.
Terrain contour and terrain obstructions.
Foliage, trees.
Fading.
Man-made obstructions; buildings, cars, etc.
ERP
TX
Base Radio 1
Transmitter
RX
BR 2
Transmitter
Duplexer. Allows transmitted and received signal to use the same antenna and
coax feed line simultaneously.
Bandpass filters. TX bandpass filter allows transmit frequencies to pass and
attenuates all others. RX bandpass filter allows receive frequencies to pass and
To receiver
attenuates all others. This prevents the transmitters from transmitting directly
into the receivers.
Hybrid combiner. Combines transmitter output of two or more transmitters into
one output.
Dummy load. Absorbs reflected RF power to prevent damage to other
components. Absorbed power is dissipated as heat.
Isolator: allows RF power to pass in the forward direction. Any RF power coming
in the reverse direction is shunted off to the dummy load. This prevent the
transmitter of one BR from transmitting directly into another BRs transmitter.
An iDEN BR is capable of
transmitting 70 watts, or 48.5 dBm
ERP
TX
RX
To receiver
-3.0 dB hybrid. The signal is divided into two. Half going to the
duplexer to be transmitted out the antenna, and the other half being
shunted off to the dummy load. Remember, 1/2 power is -3 dB.
-.5 dB isolator
-.2 dB cable/connector
Base Radio 1
Transmitter
BR 2
Transmitter
An iDEN BR is capable of
transmitting 70 watts, or 48.5 dBm
Balanced ERP
You can see that the site is capable of transmitting at a much higher ERP than
the mobile. Under this scenario, the phone could hear the site but the site
could not hear the phone. We compensate for the weakness of the phones
transmitter by doing three things.
83 watt ERP
49.2 dBm
Downlink
3 Lower the sites ERP. In this case we
would lower it to 43.6 dBm, or 23 watts.
87 milliwatts ERP
19.4 dBm
Uplink
Site
Phone
Path Loss
We briefly covered the propagation constant and the relationship between RSSI and distance from
the site.
If we convert distance d to a logarithmic
RSSI scale,
d nwe can come up with a simple slope-intercept
method of calculating path loss.
We obtain the blue data points from drive testing. The drive test equipment records the location of the
vehicle and the RSSI at that location.
When we process the data, the processing tool compares the location of the site with the location of
each data point to calculate the distance from the site. This distance is plotted with its corresponding
RSSI on the graph.
By using these data points, we can come up with a Path Loss Slope in dB/decade. The path loss
slope shown here represents 38 dB/decade. The signal will decrease by 38 dB from one mile to 10
miles, another 38 dB from 10 miles to 100 miles, etc.
We also obtain the 1 mile intercept point. Since modeling propagation within one mile of the site is
unreliable, we use the one mile intercept as a reference point. In this case, the one mile intercept is
-68 dBm. At one mile away from the site, the RSSI will typically be -68 dBm. The intercept and slope
mile intercept -68 dBmUrban, Suburban, and rural are
depend on the ERP, height of the site and type -60
of 1morphology.
ERP=43.6 dBm
-68
common classes of morphology.
-70
Height=150
-80
38 dB / decade
-90
-100
-106
-110
-120
-130
-140
1 mile
10 miles
100 miles
The path loss slope allows us to determine the path loss relative
to 1 mile away from the site. This is an illustration of the path
loss from 1 mile to 3 miles away
d from the
3 site.
L p S log
38 log
18dB
Subtract this path loss from the 1 mile intercept and the RSSI can
be determined 3 miles from the site.
d
3
86dBm
1
38 dB / decade
-100
-106
-110
-120
-130
-140
1 mile
3 miles
10 miles
100 miles
Height
h2
75
20 log
4.4dB
h
125
RSSI 20 log
RC 100
h1
125
Site
h2
75
-86 dBm
-90.4 dBm
Terrain Contour
The path loss slope assumes that the terrain around the site is flat. This is because
the drive test was done over the entire area of the site, at both high elevations and
low elevations, balancing each other out.
Terrain contour has the effect of increasing or decreasing the effective antenna
height. This is because of the relationship between the direct wave and the reflected
wave. The larger the incident angle
the more in phase
of the reflected wave
the direct and reflected wave are, increasing the signal strength. This is quantified
through effective antenna height using the slope of the ground.
h2
170
20 log
3.02dB
h
120
RSSI 20 log
RC
100
h1 120
Refle
cted
h2
170
Direc
t wav
e
wave
Terrain Obstructions
R1 2 miles
50
R2 1 mile
3 miles
Foliage
40
30
2 miles
distance
Fading
Site
Rayleigh Fading
RSSI
1/2 wavelength
6 inches at 800 MHz
When you are moving, you are passing through the troughs of the standing wave
pattern. The blue line on the graph to the left indicate your signal strength
decreasing through slow fading, as you move away from the site. The red
represents Rayleigh fading as you move through the troughs. The fade durations
decrease as vehicle speeds increase.
RSSI
distance
Your phones receiver measures a number of samples of the received signal before
producing an RSSI or SQE measurement. This is to combat Rayleigh fading. If the
phone only took one measurement and the phone happened to be passing through a
fade at that time, you would get an erroneous indication. The phone averages out
the samples to produce a more accurate RSSI measurement.
Building/Vehicle
Penetration Loss
Building/Vehicle
penetration loss.
1 mile
-79 dBm
2 miles
Super-urban
-30 dB
-94 dBm
Site
Suburban -15 dB
Phone antenna
The position of the phones antenna also has an impact on the received signal
strength.
Signals emitted from the site are vertically polarized.
An antenna is most efficient when it polarized the same as the signal it is
receiving.
It is less efficient when not polarized the same as the signal it is receiving.
The area or aperture of the antenna available to receive the signal decreases as
the antenna polarization becomes more perpendicular to the signal. This is
called polarization loss.
Dont let anyone tell you that extracting the antenna does not make a difference
in RSSI. It does.
The mean antenna gain for an i370 antenna is -7.6 dB and will vary widely
according to polarization, for an i1000 the mean gain is -9.4 dB.
Key Points
The path loss slope has a standard deviation of about 8 dB. In other words,
many of the measured signals can be 8 dB above the slope, and 8 dB below the
slope. This makes predictions based on path loss slope alone inherently
unreliable. If you predict an RSSI of -85 dBm, you could very well end up with
-93 dBm.
Foliage loss, building and vehicle penetration losses, and antenna polarization
losses also have large standard deviations. Add these standard deviations to
your -93 dBm and you could end up with -99 dBm when you predicted -85 dBm.
This is a 14 dB difference, the difference between good voice quality at 20 dB or
terrible voice quality and dropped calls at 6 dB.
Drive testing data is used to make prediction more accurate and reliable.
Design Thresholds
This means that the RSSI must be -101 dBm or higher in order to
achieve 20 dB C/I+N (receiver noise floor would be -121 dBm).
Design Thresholds
The fade margin is based on desired reliability, path loss slope and the
deviation
The fade standard
margin is added
to the of that slope.
Threshold
sensitivity
Fade Margin
90%
receiver
whichfor
gives
us reliability is 5.5 dB.
>= -101 dBm
a new threshold of -95 dBm. This
>= -95 dBm
will ensure that we will receive
-101 dBm with 90% reliability.
Design Thresholds
Recall that your phones antenna had a gain of -9.4 dB.
-95 dBm
Antenna gain
Phone
-9.4 dB
-105 dBm
Threshold
-85 dBm
Antenna gain
-9.4 dB
Phone
-95 dBm
Design Thresholds
Threshold
>=-85 dBm
>=-81 dBm
>=-71 dBm
Design Process
Design Process
Site Configurations.
Omni
SST
Panel antennas
Design Process
Site Configurations.
Sector
Quasi-highway
Design Process
Coverage Plots - coverage plots are produced with thresholds showing inbuilding and in-car coverage to ensure objectives were met.
Capacity Analysis - a capacity analysis is performed to determine if the
system as a whole, and individual sites, have enough capacity to serve the
projected number of subscribers.
Site capacity.
System capacity.
Design Process
Design Process
Optimization Process
Now that the site is on the air, it needs to be integrated with the rest of the
system and optimized.
Drive testing is performed to ensure that the site covers the area it was
expected to cover. The drive data is also used to update the propagation model
used to predict coverage.
The RF Engineer ensures that the site is operating with the correct frequencies
and power levels, is able to initiate and receive interconnect and dispatch calls,
does not have or cause excessive interference, is handing over to neighbor sites
and is being handed over to from neighbor sites.
If necessary, the site and/or surrounding sites are adjusted to compensate for
the new site. New sites affect the D/R relationship and can allow us to improve
our reuse efficiency by shrinking the coverage areas (R) of the surrounding sites.
The Engineer can perform a much more detailed analysis of the operating
characteristics of the site through the use of field test software. Each handover
can be analyzed; if any dropped calls occurred during the drive test, they can
also be analyzed, along with any other potential problems. Solutions can be
implemented by changing software parameters in the sites load.
Optimization Process
Time
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Coordinates
Number of
samples
Frequency measured
of serving
RSSI
SQE
cell
First/best
neighbor
information
Second
neighbor
information
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -83 24 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 2 -81 24 0x6 0x455 10 -9 0 22 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -101 16 0x2 0x431 0 -12 7 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x42 9 1 -1 08 8 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -83 24 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 2 -82 24 0x6 0x455 11 -8 8 24 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -100 13 0x2 0x431 0 -12 7 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x42 9 2 -1 06 9 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -82 25 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 2 -83 22 0x6 0x455 10 -8 8 26 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -100 13 0x2 0x431 0 -12 7 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x42 9 2 -1 04 1 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -84 23 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 1 -83 23 0x6 0x455 11 -8 7 25 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -9 9 14 0 x2 0 x431 0 -127 0 0x5 0 x4 13 0 -127 0 0 x2 0x4 29 2 -104 1 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -84 22 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 1 -82 25 0x6 0x455 11 -8 8 22 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -9 9 15 0 x2 0 x431 0 -127 0 0x5 0 x4 13 0 -127 0 0 x2 0x4 29 2 -104 1 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -85 23 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 1 -78 29 0x6 0x455 12 -8 7 20 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -9 9 14 0 x2 0 x431 0 -127 0 0x5 0 x4 13 0 -127 0 0 x2 0x4 29 1 -103 -1 |
T <- | 1 9.99 4 Mea sureme nt re port tran smi tted - A | 0 x2 0 x08f 28 -85 2 2 6 2 0x5 0x33f 11 -77 29 0x6 0x455 1 2 -8 7 20 0 x2 0 x43d 3 -100 12 0x2 0x43 1 0 -1 27 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x4 29 1 -112 -2 | |
T <- | 1 9.99 4 Mea sureme nt re port tran smi tted - B | 0 x5 0 x33f -78 | |
T <- | 1 9.99 7 Logi cal Channe l Moni to r Respo nse | ib ACP 0615 03533 fb2 | |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x2 0x08 f 28 -84 22 6 2 0x5 0x33f 1 2 -77 28 0x6 0x455 12 -8 8 19 0 x2 0x4 3d 3 -100 12 0x2 0x431 0 -12 7 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x42 9 1 -1 12 -2 |
T <- | 2 0.56 1 Logi cal Channe l Moni to r Respo nse | ob ACP 06 2b846 f1 90059 e6d12 46070 533f | |
T <- | 2 0.56 7 Logi cal Channe l Moni to r Respo nse | ib RACH 06 2a004 32100 00000 00000 | |
T <- | 2 0.57 3 Hand over ac cess tran smi tted | | |
T <- | 2 0.58 2 Hand over co mman d rece ived | 0x5 0 x46f | |
T <- | 2 0.65 7 Chan nel co nnecti on | Succ ess TCCH 0x5 0 x46f 03 01 | |
T <- | 2 0.66 9 Data Link Moni to r Respo nse | RAP Uni tdata Con fi rm -- Acce ss | |
T <- | 2 0.75 3 Chan nel co nnecti on | Succ ess TCH 0x5 0 x46f 0 3 01 | |
T <- | 2 1.11 3 Logi cal Channe l Moni to r Respo nse | ob ACP 06 1d238 6172c 62a82 429a8 539ba 86455 a8238 9a853 8fa8541 3a851 25 | |
T <- | 2 1.11 9 Hand over succe ss | 0x5 0x46 f | |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 2 -7 7 28 7 0 0x2 0x4 29 0 -127 0 0x5 0x39 b 1 -1 10 5 0x6 0x45 5 1 -87 22 0x2 0x3 89 0 0 0 0x5 0x38f 0 0 0 0x5 0x4 13 0 0 0 0x5 0x125 0 0 0 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 14 -77 29 7 0 0x2 0x429 1 -102 2 0x5 0x39b 1 -11 0 5 0x6 0x455 2 -85 28 0x2 0x389 2 -83 27 0x5 0x38f 1 -1 00 -1 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x5 0x1 25 2 -91 31 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 25 -78 28 7 2 0x2 0x389 5 -84 28 0x6 0x455 5 -88 22 0x5 0x125 3 -89 27 0x5 0x39b 1 -110 5 0x5 0x38f 1 -1 00 -1 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x4 29 2 -104 2 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 28 -79 27 7 2 0x2 0x389 9 -84 25 0x6 0x455 8 -86 25 0x5 0x125 3 -89 27 0x5 0x39b 1 -101 0 0x5 0x38f 0 -1 27 0 0x5 0x41 3 0 -1 27 0 0x2 0x4 29 3 -105 2 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 28 -78 27 7 2 0x2 0x389 11 -84 2 5 0x6 0 x4 55 12 -87 24 0x5 0x12 5 3 -89 27 0x5 0x39b 1 -10 1 0 0x5 0x38 f 0 -127 0 0 x5 0x4 13 1 -108 0 0 x2 0 x429 3 -105 2 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 28 -79 26 7 2 0x2 0x389 11 -84 2 5 0x6 0 x4 55 12 -86 24 0x5 0x12 5 3 -89 29 0x5 0x39b 1 -10 1 0 0x5 0x38 f 0 -127 0 0 x5 0x4 13 1 -108 0 0 x2 0 x429 3 -109 7 |
*** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 28 -79 26 7 2 0x2 0x389 11 -83 2 2 0x6 0 x4 55 12 -85 25 0x5 0x12 5 3 -87 21 0x5 0x39b 1 -10 1 0 0x5 0x38 f 0 -127 0 0 x5 0x4 13 1 -108 0 0 x2 0 x429 2 -109 6 |
11:56.01 | 29.58 72 -98.3017 | *** | norma l mo de summa ry | 0x5 0x46 f 28 -81 25 7 2 0x2 0x389 12 -82 2 3 0x6 0 x4 55 12 -84 26 0x5 0x12 5 3 -87 21 0x5 0x39b 1 -10 6 8 0x5 0x38 f 0 -127 0 0 x5 0x4 13 1 -108 0 0 x2 0 x429 2 -103 4 |
Optimization Process
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0| |
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29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
-96.6462 | *** | normal mode summary | 0x1 0x0c1 27 -101 17 6 2 0x1 0x4a3 7 -97 23 0x9 0x497 5 -111 7 0x6 0x3a5 0 -127 0 0x6 0x449 0 -127 0 0x6 0x44f 0 -127 0 0x6 0x37f 0 -127 0 |
-96.6462 | T<- | 56.838 Logical Channel Monitor Response | ob ACP 8302 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.195 Logical Channel Monitor Response | ob ACP 062e80c1196605 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.210 Logical Channel Monitor Response | ib RACH 0629ca121e000000000000 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.216 Assignment access transmitted | | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.222 Assignment command received | 0x1 0x0c1 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.306 Channel connection | Success TCCH 0x1 0x0c1 03 01 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.357 Data Link Monitor Response | RAP Unitdata Confirm -- Access | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.441 Channel connection | Success TCH 0x1 0x0c1 03 01 | |
-96.6462 | T<- | 57.456 Assignment success | 0x1 0x0c1 | |
-96.6462 | *** | normal mode summary | 0x1 0x0c1 28 -101 16 6 2 0x1 0x4a3 7 -97 20 0x9 0x497 5 -111 7 0x6 0x3a5 0 -127 0 0x6 0x449 0 -127 0 0x6 0x44f 0 -127 0 0x6 0x37f 0 -127 0 |
-96.6456 | T<- | 58.221 Measurement report transmitted - A | 0x1 0x0c1 28 -102 14 6 1 0x1 0x4a3 7 -95 24 0x9 0x497 1 -110 15 0x6 0x3a5 0 -127 0 0x6 0x449 0 -127 0 0x6 0x44f 0 -127 0 0x6 0x37f 0 -127
29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
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29.6920
29.6920
29.6920
29.6921
29.6921
29.6921
29.6921
29.6921
29.6921
15:09.25 | 29.6921 -96.6450 | *** | normal mode summary | 0x1 0x0c1 28 -102 10 6 1 0x1 0x4a3 7 -99 18 0x9 0x497 2 -110 7 0x6 0x3a5 0 -127 0 0x6 0x449 2 -108 -5 0x6 0x44f 1 -109 -3 0x6 0x37f 1 -109 -5
Optimization Process
Statistics monitoring.
Operating statistics are pulled from the switch and analyzed daily.
Commonly monitored stats:
Dropped calls - during a call, the site is in constant contact with the mobile.
If the mobile and site lose contact for any reason other than the person
hanging up the phone (normal termination), it is recorded as a dropped call.
Dropped calls and red No Service lights are generally caused by low SQE,
either through poor coverage or excessive interference.
Handover failures - generally transparent to the user. When a handover is
requested, either by the mobile or by the site, the site it is trying to hand
over to has to pass certain criteria. If it does not pass, the handover is
recorded as a failure. Usually the attempt is repeated at regular intervals
until the handover is successful or the condition which necessitated the
handover in the first place is clear. Occasionally, repeated handover failures
may result in a dropped call if the serving signal strength continues to
decline while the mobile is trying to hand over. Handover failures typically
occur on fringe sites, where there are few or no acceptable candidates to
hand over to.
Optimization Process
More Statistics:
I:3 Blocked Calls - This is a System Busy when you try to initiate a phone call. The site you
are serving on has no more resources left to handle your call. The blocked call percentage is
based on the busiest hour of the day for each site. A 2% blocked call rate triggers the
addition of a BR to the site.
Dispatch Blocked Calls - System Busy while trying to initiate a private or group dispatch
call. Same cause as an I:3 Blocked call.
DCCH Blocking - The DCCH is the Dedicated Control Channel, which is used to set up calls,
and perform registrations. 0.2% blocking or less is the target.
Percent Sectors above I:3 Blocking Target - this stat measures the percentage of sites or
sectors in the entire network are exceeding the 2% blocked call percentage.
Utilization - This is a measurement of how efficiently the systems BRs are being used. Low
utilization is a sign that BRs are being used where they are not needed, wasting money.
Utilization that is too high is a sign of excessive blocking. Utilization in the 60-70% range is a
good target.
PCCH Utilization - The PCCH is fixed resource control channel used for facilitating all dispatch
functions and location area registrations. There is a lot of debate over what is over-utilized
but common values are 13% for inbound utilization and 70% for outbound utilization. An
over-utilized PCCH can result in collisions, different users colliding with requests. The most
common indication of PCCH blocking is Target Not Available. Sectorization is a solution to
PCCH blocking because the number of PCCHs available for that site is tripled.
iDEN Architecture
PSTN
OMC
MSC
HLR
SMS
DAP
VM
XCDR
BSC
MPS
BSC
DACS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
EBTS
Rear View
RFDS
Routes transmitted and received RF
signals to and from proper components.
ISCs
ISCs are the brains of the site.
Provides interface between the site and
the switch.
BRs
BRs are the consist of a transmitter and three receivers.
Each BR is tuned to a different frequency.
Front View
RFDS
To/from Antennas
TX
RX
Duplexer
Base Radio 1
Transmitter
BR 2
Transmitter
Combiner/Isolator
BR 1 Receiver
BR 1 Receiver
BR 1 Receiver
BR 2 Receiver
BR 2 Receiver
BR 2 Receiver
Combiners
Hybrid Combiners.
Not frequency dependent. You can use them regardless of what frequencies you choose to
use on the site. No manual tuning required. Inexpensive.
High loss. Hybrids split the signal in half; one half going to the antenna, the other half being
dissipated as heat through the dummy load.
Cavity Combiners.
Frequency dependent. Each cavity has to be tuned to a specific frequency and frequencies
used on the site cannot be too close together; less flexibility in frequency planning.
Low loss. Power is not being dissipated by dummy loads, but is sent to the antenna. The
signal from one cavity does not go through the other cavities because they are not tuned to
that frequency.
3 dB loss
IN
IN
iDEN Architecture
Description
DACs - Traffic from all EBTS are routed through the DACs. The
DACs splits the different types of traffic (Interconnect, Dispatch,
Control) and routes it to the correct components.
BSC (Base Station Controller) - two kinds:
iDEN Architecture
Description
Trouble Tickets
Trouble Tickets.
Call 1-800-639-6111.
Give as much information as possible. It will help with trouble shooting.
The Customer Care Representative will enter the information in Newt as a Trouble Ticket
and forward the ticket to the appropriate market and department. Most tickets usually
go to either the MSO or the RF Department.
If the Trouble Ticket is routed to RF, the RF Coordinator forwards it to the RF Engineer
responsible for that particular area. The engineer investigates, resolves the problem if
possible, and sends the completed trouble ticket back to the RF Coordinator, who closes
the ticket in Newt.
The person initiating the ticket should get a call explaining the resolution of the problem.
Other Resources
Pin maps.
Use color coded pin maps which are located in all the branch offices to
identify problems in specific areas. We use this for design review and
justifying quality and coverage sites. Be sure to submit a trouble ticket
for each pin.
Other Resources
Weekly Reports
Weekly Performance Report - compares all markets across the
country in key performance metrics. Can be found in the web,
address is http://iq or http://167.20.222.145 .
Performance Graphs that are generated and distributed locally.
Other Resources
Site Status Maps - may be distributed weekly. Show the status of all sites in the
build plan; leased, zoned, under construction, on-air. Gives you an at-a-glance
picture of how far along the planned sites are.
Coverage Maps -may be plotted and distributed quarterly.
Thresholds set to show areas covered for vehicles and buildings for entire market.
Large wall size maps should be posted in each branch office. They can be obtained by
contacting the RF Manager for your market.
Show coverage of system at the end of the last completed quarter.
Once the budget is approved, maps are distributed showing end of the following years
projected coverage.
Keep in mind that these maps represent PREDICTED coverage.
EBTS status meeting/status sheet - Bi-weekly meeting may be set with RF, Ops, and
Site Development to discuss status and schedule of all sites in the approved build
out plan.
Site Build Schedule - may be updated after the EBTS status meeting and distributed
to GMs and Sales Managers. Show status of site and expected on-air date. These
sites can be looked up on the coverage maps or site status maps to get the location.