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6409871 .
ykeisari@post.tau.ac.il

Which scientific discoveries made

the largest impact on the average life
expectancy?
The discovery of microorganisms and their role in disease-Hygiene
The discovery of the immune system - Immunization
Antibiotics
Reduction in the mortality of infants

Protection Against Infection

Infective Agents
1. Different size
2. Different biological characteristics
3. Various routes of penetration into the body
4. Different levels of pathogenicity
5. Different mechanisms of damage

Protection against four types of pathogens

Bacterial infection

Structure of Bacteria

Virus structure

Virus infected cell

Cytopathic viruses multiply in

the cell until it explodes and
viruses are released and infect
other cells

Size Range of Infective Agents

Microbial Pathogens Have Different Routes

of Infection and Biological Behavior

The Bodys Defenses

Against Infection

How Immunity Evolved

The early days of immunology

A cartoon by James Gillray, published in 1801, depicting Edward

Jenner at the Smallpox Inoculation Hospital, St Pancras, London,
vaccinating the populace with cowpox, which (according to the
original caption) had wonderful effects!

The eradication of smallpox by

vaccination.

Keywords
-Immunology
-Immunity
-Innate Immunity
-Adaptive Immunity (specific Immunity,
Acquired Immunity)

The Two Arms of the Immune Response

Tasks of the Immune Response

Protection against microorganisms and harmful molecules
1. Recognition of Danger: Danger signals - innate immunity
2. Recognition of foreign: receptor specificity - adaptive immunity

Homeostasis
1. Elimination of dead or damaged (apoptotic) cells
2. Elimination of transformed (cancer) cells
3. Wound healing

Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Innate
Innate and
and Adaptive
Adaptive
Immunity
Immunity
Innate Immunity
Immediate response
No time lag
Triggered by Pathogen
Associated Molecular structures
No Immunologic
memory

Adaptive Immunity
Delayed action
requires a lag period
Triggered by specific
molecular entities
called Antigens
Development of
Immunological memory

Components
Components of
of Innate
Innate and
and Adaptive
Adaptive Immunity
Immunity
Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity
physical barriers
none

skin, gut Villi, lung cilia,etc

soluble factors
Complement, collectins, defensins
acute phase response proteins
non-protein secretions

Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)

cells
Macrophages, Polymorphonuclear
cells (PMN) (phagocytes), NK cells,
Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells

T and B lymphocytes

The course of infection

The infective agent will multiply in the body.
The Innate Immune Response will try to control the infection
The adaptive immune response will be triggered
The infective agent will be eliminated
Immunological memory will develop

Stages and Timing of Immune Reactivity

The Progress of Infection in Normal and

in Immunodeficient Humans

What can trigger an immune reaction?

Microorganisms:
Some of them are
Infective Agents and
can cause disease
Molecules derived
from animals and
plants
Chemicals and
chemotherapeutic
drugs

How does the immune response recognize invading organisms?

Keywords
Pathogens: what is defined as a
pathogen?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) - Innate Immunity
Antigens - Adaptive Immunity
Antigenic determinants

Bacterial Cell PAMP and Antigens

Their recognition is based on the function of receptors
that recognize them as foregin (non-self)

Response
Response to
to Infection
Infection

infection

Innate
immunity

no
dise
a se

ry
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ov
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re

disease

on
i
t
c
e
f
n
e-i

adaptive
immunity

no
disease

The Innate Immune Response is Promoting the

Adaptive Immune Response

Topics
Tissues, organs and cells of the immune system
Innate Immunity and Inflammation
Adaptive Immunity
Antigen Recognition: Receptors, processing and
presentation mechanisms
Regulation of the immune response
Effector mechanisms
Immunogenetics

Immunopathology
Allergy, Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity

Transplantation Immunity
Tumor Immunology