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ON
HISTORY OF CONTINENTS
The theory of
plate
tectonics is
reason behind
the formation
of continents
and also why
geographical
structures are
different
around the
world. Because
of the changes
earth has
undergone in
Plates slide on Asthenosphere which is so hot
millions of
that it floats.
years, we are
Igneous rocks are formed from the melted rock that has cooled
and solidified. at the surface from the cooling of volcanic lava,
Igneous rocks do not normally contain hydrocarbons.
DRILLING RIGS
There are many
different types of
drilling rigs and
selection depends
on the specific
requirements of
each drill site, some
are:
Land based
Offshore jack-up
Semi-submersible
Drill ship
DRILLING TECHNIQUES
Oil and natural gas wells have traditionally
been drilled vertically. Today, advances in
drilling technology allow oil and natural gas
companies to reach more reserves by:
Horizontal drilling
Complex path drilling
Extended path drilling
DRILL BIT
Rock drill bit: is a roller-type bit made up of three coneshaped, toothed cutters The mud that is being pumped
STEAM
INJECTION
WATER INJECTION
will
be. Converting heavier HC into lighter HC or changing the
form of chain is the function of FCC unit. The reduction in
density has benefit of volume gain. The FCC uses catalyst
which is much finer and moves with the gas oil and the
catalyst converts gas oil into LPG,
gasoline and
diesel.FCCU also regenerates catalyst by burning off coke.
DELAYED COKER
UNIT heavy vacuum resid to more
It is used to convert
valuable product by heating to break hydrocarbon
chains. Some resid is actually sold in market to blend
with asphalt. It produces relatively low valued
petroleum coke as by product. The heated feed is fed
to a coke drum and coke forms in the drum. The
lighter products are withdrawn from the top section
of the delayed coker. After coking,the coke drum is
NOTE: Total
hydrogen
requirement in
refinery for
various
hydrotreating
is produced in
reforming
process.
HYDROTREATING
Once crude oil has undergone separation and
conversion, resulting products are ready for
purification which is basically sulphur removal.
Unfinished products are reacted with hydrogen
under heat and high pressure in presence of
catalyst resulting in hydrogen sulphide and
desuphurized product. This is later sent to amine
recovery unit where hydrogen sulphide is
HYDROCRACK
removed.
The only difference
ING
between hydrotreating and
hydrocracking is that in hydrocraking when we use
catalyst it breaks hydrocarbon chain.
The only difference between hydrocracking and FCC
is that in hydrocracking catalyst stays at one place
and gas oil passes over it where as catalyst is finer
in FCC and moves with gas oil. Butane is produced
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to you Ajay sir for all the
knowledge we have received about oil and gas
industry and to all the members of Protecon
who have provided us an opportunity to learn
and be prepared for industry and to my batch
mates who helped me in understanding different
process when I stumbled and acted as a
motivation.
THANK YOU