Alternative Fuels:

Where Are We?

Where Are We Headed?
CalACT2007SpringConference&Expo
April25,2007
PaulGriffith
NationalProjectsManager
ATTI

Presentation Outline
EnergyBasics
RegulatedEmissionsandGreenhouseGases
GlobalWarming
EPAandCARBRegulations
BusFuelOptions
HistoricalFuelUseTrendsinBusIndustry
ComparativeEmissions
Conclusions

Forms of Energy
Kinetic(motion)
Electrical
Radiant
Solar

Thermal
Geothermal

Motion
Wind

Sound

Potential(stored)
Chemical

Petroleum
NaturalGas
Propane
Biomass
biodiesel

StoredMechanical
Nuclear
Gravitational
Hydropower

Sources: US Energy Information Administration

Renewables vs. Nonrenewables

6%

94%

(CONSERVATION)

Source: US Energy Information Administration

Secondary Energy Forms

EnergyCarriers
Usedtoeasilystore,move,deliveryenergy
Electricity

38%NaturalGas
20%Coal
17%LargeHydro
14%Nuclear
11%Renewable

Hydrogen
NaturalGas
Water
Sources: US Energy Information Administration; CA Energy Commission

US Energy Consumption by Source & Sector

Source: US Energy Information Administration

Domestic Oil & NG production

past their peak

NG
&
ro
le
um
pe
t

Dependence on Foreign/
Unstable Sources

Energy Considerations: Availability

Domestic Demand

Sources: Assoc. for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas; US Army Corps of Engineers

Non-Renewables: Domestic & World Reserves

300

Years of Reserves

250
200

Domestic Reserves
World Reserves

150
100
50
0
Oil

NG

LNG

Coal

Uranium

Fuel

Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers(ERDC/CERLTR0521)

&
pe
tr o
le
um

Prices

NG

Energy Considerations: Affordability

Domestic & World Demand

Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers(ERDC/CERLTR0521)

No. 2 Diesel - Average Retail Prices

350
300

200
150
100

U.S.
California

50

Source:U.S.DOE,EnergyInformationAdministration

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

0
1994

Cents per Gallon

250

Natural Gas Prices (Commercial Rate)

18
16

12
10
8
6
4
Residential

Source:U.S.DOE,EnergyInformationAdministration

2005

1995

1990

1985

2000

Commercial

1980

Price ($/1000 cf)

14

California Average Retail Electricity Prices

16

12
10
8
6
4

Residential

Commercial

2000

1995

1990

1985

Source:CaliforniaEnergyCommission

2005

Industrial

1980

C ost (cents/kWh)

14

Normalized Price Trends: Diesel, NG, Elect.

Price (Relative to 1994)

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Diesel (US avg)
0.5

NG (commercial)
Electricity (commercial)

Sources:U.S.DOE,EnergyInformationAdministration;CaliforniaEnergyCommission

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

0.0

Projected Price Trends

Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers(ERDC/CERLTR0521)

Energy Considerations: Security

Combustiblefuels
Explosivefuels

createsecurityrisks

Nuclearmaterials

US:5%ofworldspopulation,
uses25%annualenergyproduction
lossofgoodwill
contextformilitaryconflicts
Source: US DHS; US Army Corps of Engineers

Energy Considerations: Sustainability

Earthsnaturalresourcesdepletingatalarmingrate
100millionyearscreation=1yrworldconsumption

Globalwarming
Smog
Acidrain
Groundlevelozone

Fuelmining/production
destroysecosystems&biodiversity

Sources: Jellinbah Resources; AP; PDPhoto.org;

US Army Corps of Engineers

Environmental Impacts: Non-Renewables

Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers(ERDC/CERLTR0521)

Environmental Impacts: Renewables

Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers(ERDC/CERLTR0521)

>90% of Californians Breath Unhealthy Air at Times

Source:CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard

Criteria Emissions
FineParticulateMatter(PM10)
reducesvisibility;penetratesdeepintolungs,impairingfunction

CarbonMonoxide(CO)
invisible;reducesoxygeninblood

NitrogenOxides(NOx)
brownishhaze;impairbreathing;reactinsunlighttoformozone

NonMethaneHydrocarbons(NMHC)
reactinsunlighttoformozone

GroundLevelOzone(O3)
Invisible;powerfulrespiratoryirritant;damagescrops,degrades
rubber&paint
Source:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

Observed Climate Change

Magnitude, rate and duration of warming in the 20th century is

greater than in any of the previous nine centuries.
The 1990s were the warmest decade in the past 1,000 years.

Simplified Greenhouse Effect

Source:USEPAClimateChangeOutreachKit

Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases

CA worlds 9th largest emitter

Source:SBAPCD;CaliforniaEnergyCommission

CO2 and Temperature Records

Temperature Data CO2 Data Antarctic Ice Core Samples

Standard Deviations from Mean

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5

-2
800,000 700,000 600,000

500,000

400,000 300,000

200,000

100,000

Years Before Present

Sources:LelandMcInnes;NOAA;ORNL

Carbon Emissions Since Industrial Revolution

Source:RobertA.Rohde;EmissionDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch

Global Temperature Since Industrial Rev.

20th Century:
Temp +1.1 F (+0.6 C)

Source:RobertA.Rohde;GlobalWarmingArt

Top 6 Warmest Years Worldwide Since 1890s

1) 2005
2) 1998
3) 2002
4) 2003
5) 2006
6) 2004
(11 of 12 Warmest Years have Occurred Since 1995)
Source:GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies(NASA)

Scientific Consensus on Global Warming

1965IncreasingatmosphericCO2couldleadtomarkedchanges
inclimateby2000(ScientificAdvisoryBoardtoPresident
Johnson)
1990Observedwarmingcouldbelargelyduetonaturalclimate
variability(IPCC)
1995Evidencesuggestsadiscernablehumaninfluenceonglobal
climate(IPCC)
2001New&strongerevidencethatmostofwarmingobserved
overthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities(IPCC)
2007Globalwarmingverylikelymanmade(IPCC)
Sources:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

Glacial Retreat

Length

Collection of
20 glacier
length records
from different
parts of world

1500

2000

Source:WorldGlacierMonitoringService

Rhone Glacier, Swiss Alps

1859
2,500mretreat,
450mhigher
2001

Source:GaryBraaschPhotography

Pasterze Glacier, Austria

1875
2,000mretreat

2004

Source:Univ.Salzburg;GaryBraaschPhotography

Portage Glacier, Alaska

1914
Alaska'sglaciersrecedingat
2xratepreviouslythought
(71902Sciencejournal)
2004

Source:NOAA;GaryBraaschPhotography

Grinnell Glacier, Glacier Natl Park, Montana

1911
NPSestimatesthatall
butafewofthe30
glaciersinthisparkwill
begonebymidcentury
2000

Sources:NationalParkService;GaryBraaschPhotography

Water Withdrawals from Rivers & Lakes

. . . have doubled
since 1960
Lake Chad

1960
Worlds 6th largest lake
1963-2001
Shrunk 95%;
wetlands spoiled
Sources:WorldResourcesInstitute;
UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme)
OnePlanetManyPeople:
AtlasofourChangingEnvironment

Amazon River Basin Drought Effects

Source:WorldResourcesInstitute

Destabilization of Ocean Currents

25 N lat

Measurementsindicatea
30%reductioninocean
circulationvolume
since1957
Significantclimate
changesforareaslike
ScandinaviaandBritain
thatarewarmedbythe
NorthAtlanticdrift.

Sources: World Resources Institute; Ocean current figure: www.NASA.gov; Transect information: Bryden, Harry
L. et al. "Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N." Nature 438: 655-657. 1 December
2005

Frequency of Weather Related Disasters

Source:SwissRe2005

Thats Where 1F Gets Us . . .

Wheretonext?

Climate Model Predictions for Global Warming

SRES A2 Emissions Scenario (assumes no action taken to reduce emissions)

Source:RobertA.Rohde;GlobalWarmingArt

Largest GHG Emitters

(5% of World Population)

Source: World Resources Institute

Think Globally, Act Locally

No Silver Bullet

PhotoCredit:101InMotion

US Public Transportation Ridership

DuringFirstSixMonthsof2006:
~5billionpassengertrips(+3.2%)
Lightrail+9.4%
Commuterrail+3.4%
Bus+3.2%
Subways+2.6%
Paratransit+3.8%
Trolleybus+0.5%
Other+0.2%
Source:APTA

Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct)

Mandatedalternativefuelsascomponentof
Mandatedalternativefuels
federal,state,andaltfuelproviderfleets
2004FinalRuleexemptsprivate&local
governmentfleets
AlthoughpublictransitfleetsnotsubjecttoEPAct,
publictransitfleetsnotsubject
manyhavepioneeredaltfueltechnologies

Source:USDepartmentofEnergy

California Urban Bus Emission Standards

Emission Standards (g/bhp-hr)

18.0
16.0
14.0

Criteria Pollutants
CO

12.0

98% Reduction 1988-2010

10.0
8.0

NOx

6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0

HC
PM
1985

NMHC
1990

1995

2000

2005

Source:CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CCR1956.1)

2010

Alternative Fuel Options: Mobile Applications

FuelCharacteristics
TransitBusManufacturerComments

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Workswellasabusfuel,butlowenergycontent,
Workswell
storagedensities,andfuelefficiencies=lowrange.
Powers:

>90%ofaltfueledsmallbuses
>95%ofaltfueledmidtofullsizebuses

USproduces~87%ofNGitconsumeswithmostof
USproduces~87%
remaindercomingfromCanada.
24003600psi;onboardcylindersrequireperiodic
inspectionandcertification.
Extensivemodificationstofacilitiesthatfuel,service,
modificationstofacilities
andmaintainCNGbuses(ventilationandleakdetection
&monitoringsystems).
Strongtrainingprogramscrucial.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Cryogenicliquidfuel:verylowtemp(120to
Cryogenicliquidfuel:
260F)&relativelylowpressure(<100psi).
Liquefactionprocessexpensive&energy
intensive.
intensive
LesscommonthanCNG
LesscommonthanCNG
Similarfuelefficiency,training,facilities
Similar
modificationsasCNG.

NG Fuels: Bus Manufacturer Comments

NGmarketconsistentbutnotgrowing
notgrowing
Initiallyproblematic:engineproblems,fuel
Initiallyproblematic
impurities,andinfrastructurecosts;those
problemsgenerallyresolved
Lingeringchallenges:
reducedrange,higher
Lingering
vehicleweight,fuelavailability,andincreased
fuel&maintenancecosts
costs
LNGhasfueladvantagesoverCNG,but
interest
LNG
asbusfuelhasfadedoverlast5years
asbusfuelhasfaded
Concernsaboutpotentialliabilities.CNG:high
Concernsaboutpotentialliabilities
pressures,potentialleaksandfires.LNG:
cryogenicnature,potentialtoboiloffasmethane
createsemissionsandadditionalsafetyconcerns
Source:ATTISurveyofBusManufacturers

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG or Propane)

Usedinvehiclessincethe1920s.
1920s
Successfullydeployedin30ft&underbusmarket.
30ft&under
~90%ofLPGusedinUSisdomesticallyproduced.
90%
Range,fuelefficiency,andfuelingstationcost
issueslesschallengingthanCNGorLNG.
lesschallenging
Heavierthanair,precautionsnecessarytoavoid
Heavierthanair
ignitionsourcesinlowlyingareas.

Propane: Bus Manufacturer Comments

Appropriateforsmallbuses
smallbuses
Highervehiclecostandfuelavailability
vehiclecostandfuelavailability
limitsitsapplication
Safetyconcernsregardingheavierthanair
Safetyconcerns
characteristic

Source:ATTISurveyofBusManufacturers

Alcohol-Based Fuels (Ethanol and Methanol)

Notpresentlyutilizedasenginefuelsinthebusmarket
Notpresentlyutilized
(althoughsomefuelcelldemonstrationshaveused
fuelcell
methanoltoproducehydrogen).
Ethanol
Previoususersreporthighercosts,prematureenginefailures
Industryfocusingonlighterdutyengines

Methanol
Previoususersreportengineunreliabilityandhighfuelprices
Specialprecautionsnecessaryasflamevirtuallyinvisible
Specialprecautions

Alcohol-Based Fuels: Bus Mfr. Comments

Ethanol
increasedcostofoperation
optionforvans;hybridcutawaybusindevelopment

Methanol
increasedcostofoperation
toxic,watersolublefluid,creatingconcernsabout
toxic,watersoluble
groundwatercontaminationfromreleaseduringanaccident
groundwatercontamination
corrosive,attackingengineandfuelsystemcomponents
corrosive
althoughregulatedemissionsreduced, formaldehydeis
formaldehyde
produced

Source:ATTISurveyofBusManufacturers

Biodiesel
Domesticallyproduced,cleanerburning,renewable
renewable
fuelderivedfromvegetableoilsoranimalfats.
Usuallyblendedwithpetrodiesel.
blended
BecomingincreasinglypopularsinceU.S.DOE
increasinglypopular
rulingin2001thanEPActcreditsapplytoblendsof
atleast20%(B20).
Pending:B20=CARBDiesel
BecauseblendsuptoB20canbeusedinexisting
dieselengineswithoutmodifications,ithaslowest
capitalcostofaltfuels.
ofaltfuels

Biodiesel: Bus Manufacturer Comments

Blendsof10%orless(B5,B10)generally
10%orless
supportedbyenginemanufacturers;
B20
supported
generallynotcoveredunderwarranty.
Lackofenginewarrantyinpartbecause
strongspecificationregulatingbiodiesel
strongspecification
productionhasnotbeenadoptedbyallstates.

Source:ATTISurveyofBusManufacturers

Battery-Electric
Small(22ft)electricbusessuccessfully
deployedinSantaBarbaraCA,Chattanooga
deployed
TN,NorfolkVA,andMiamiBeachFL;to
date,limitedtoshuttleoperations.
Quiet,emissionfreeoperationyields
Quiet,emissionfree
substantialincreasesinridership.
Batterylimitationshaveresultedinlow
Batterylimitations
range,reducedreliability,increasedlife
cyclecosts.

Hydrogen
Derivedfromrenewablesourcesorpetroleumfeedstocks.
CanbeutilizedinICEsandfuelcells.
CurrentlyplaysminimalroleinUSenergymix;huge
potential
minimalrole
ForddemonstratingV10,E450hydrogencutawaybuses
Mostindustryofficialsbelievehydrogenengineandfuelcell
pathsatleast10yearsaway.
Fuelinfrastructureand
fuelcellcostgreatestchallenges.
Fuelinfrastructure
fuelcellcost
Mitigationofhydrogenleaksinsidebuildingsincludeproperair
hydrogenleaks
ventilation,leakdetectors,explosionproofwiring.
Safetyissues:abilitytodetonate&to
embrittlecertainmaterials.
detonate
embrittle

Hydrogen: Bus Manufacturer Comments

Whenwestartedfuelcellprojectwethought
technology1012yearsout;afterdeliveryto
customer,webelieveitmorelike1520yearsout
1520yearsout
Tooexpensive,~$3millionperbus
Tooexpensive
Costscancomedowninvolume,buttransitindustry
doesnothavenecessaryvolume
Morepromisingplatformisautomobile,butvolume
automobile
productionwonthappentherebeforeHUGE
investmentinrefuelinginfrastructure
Welltowheelscostofhydrogenproduction
~2Xto
cost
3Xthatofpetroleumproducts
Hydrogeneconomywontbecompetitiveuntil
petroleumfuelsreach~$10/gal
Source:ATTISurveyofBusManufacturers

Hybrid-Electric
Substantialattention&development:
Increasedfueleconomy(1050%reported)
fueleconomy(1050%reported)
Reducedvehicleemissions
Reducedoperatingnoiseonacceleration

Thirteenhybridautomodelsincommercialproduction
~1,100hybridtransitbusesin
regularserviceinNA
~1,100
regularservice

Hybrid-Electric: Bus Manufacturer Comments

Mostbenefits,fewestconcerns:
Mostbenefits,fewestconcerns

Lowregulatedemissions
Nonewemissions
Lowerfuelcostspartiallyoffsethigheracquisitioncost
fuelcosts
Quieter,smootheroperation
Quieter,smoother
Positiveperception/publicrelationsreportedbycustomers
Positiveperception

GMAllisondevelopingsmallerhybriddrive
Pluginhybridscouldresultinfurther
improvements
Pluginhybrids
infossilfueleconomies
Source:SurveyofBusManufacturers

Bus Manufacturer Survey Summary

EvaluatedCNG,LNG,propane,biodiesel,ethanol,
methanol,hydrogen,electric,andhybridelectric.
Highercosts,reducedperformanceofalternativefuels
previouslyjustifiablebysubstantialemissionssavings
Emissionsdifferencesbetweenultralowsulfurdiesel
Emissionsdifferences
andaltfuelsbecomingtoosmalltojustifythe
toosmall
incrementalcosts,challengesofalternativefuels
Dieselhybridsachievecomparableemissionswithalt
comparableemissions
fuels,atlowerfuel/maintenancecosts
Clearshiftawayfromgaseousfuelstowardhybrid
electrics;neartomidtermdirection
Source:SurveyofBusManufacturers

Alt Fuels vs. 2005 Diesel Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Diesel w/
PM1 Trap

CNG

Propane

Biodiesel
(B20)

BatteryElectric

Emissions

significant
reductions

significant
reductions
until MY10

moderate
reductions

slight
reduction
until MY07

no local
emissions

Domestic

44%

87%

90%

100% (B100)

100%

$2.81/gal

$2.30/DGE

$2.56/gal
$3.94/DGE

$2.91/gal
$2.92/DGE

16/kWh
$1.25/DGE

Life-Cyc Cost

+~3%

+~15%

+~10%

+~7%

+~20%

Power

same

similar

similar

similar

similar

Range

same

slightly
reduced

slightly
reduced

slightly
reduced

reduced

Refueling Infra.
Cost

same

high

moderate

same

moderate

Safety

same

3000 psi;
facility mods.

heavier
than air

same

high voltages

Fuel Price2

1.ParticulateMatterSources:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy;EnergyEfficiency&RenewableEnergy;SBMTD
2.Overallaverageprices,September2005
3.DieselGallonEquivalent

Alternative Fueled Buses Under 27.5-ft

2001

2002

2003

2004

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

833

700

810

716

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)

21

21

21

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Propane)

55

51

49

35

Battery-Electric

17

13

28

29

E85 (Ethanol)

M85 (Methanol)

Hydrogen

2005 data not yet available

Hybrid-electric buses not considered alternative fueled by EPA if input fuel is diesel or gasoline

Source:EnergyInformationAdministration,U.S.Government

Alternative Fueled Buses Over 27.5-ft

2001
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

2002

2003

2004

4,710 5,086 5,883 6,240

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)

738

947

948

1,012

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Propane)

86

101

300

317

Battery-Electric

56

38

11

E85 (Ethanol)

M85 (Methanol)

11

Hydrogen

2005 data not yet available

Hybrid-electric buses not considered alternative fueled by EPA if input fuel is diesel or gasoline

Source:EnergyInformationAdministration,U.S.Government

Comparative Emissions

30ft.TransitBuses
CriteriaEmissions
GreenhouseGasEmissions

2006 Comparative Emissions: Diesel vs. CNG

Certified Emissions for 2006 230-hp Cummins ISB/BG 230

NOx

NMHC PM10

CO

LSDiesel1(g/bhphr)

2.03

0.08

0.10

1.3

CNG(g/bhphr)

1.43

0.00

0.00

1.0

TestedwithLowSulfurDiesel(500ppm).UltraLowSulfurDiesel(15ppm)
reducesemissionsofsulfurcompoundsenablingNOx,HC,andPMreductions.

2007 & 2010 Regulations

NOx

NMHC PM10

CO

2007(g/bhphr)

1.2

0.14

0.01

1.3

2010(g/bhphr)

0.2

0.14

0.01

1.3

Sources:Cummins;CARB;USEPA

30-ft Diesel & CNG Bus Emissions

Emissions(g/mi)=EmissionRatex

FuelDensity
BrakeSpec.FuelConsumptionxFuelEfficiency

where:
FuelDensity=7.16lb/galdiesel
BrakeSpecificFuelConsumption=0.4lb/bhphrdiesel
FuelEfficiency=5.02mpgdiesel(2004GilligLF30)

LSDiesel(g/mi)

NOx
7.2

NMHC PM10
0.29
0.36

CO
4.6

CNG(g/mi)

4.9

0.00

0.00

3.4

200709(g/mi)

4.3

0.50

0.04

4.6

2010(g/mi)

0.7

0.50

0.04

4.6

Sources:Cummins;CARB;USEPA

Relative to LSD

Biodiesel Emissions

Negligible criteria emissions benefits when blended with ULSD

Sources:USEPA;CaliforniaEnergyCommission,ConsumerEnergyCenter

30-ft Electric Bus Emissions

U.S.MarginalOffPeakPowerGenerationEmissions

g/kWh

NOx
0.073

NMOG
0.025

PM10
?

CO
?

Emissions(g/mi)=EmissionRatexACEnergyConsumptionRate
where:ACEnergyConsumptionRate(30ftEB)=1.56ACkWh/mi

g/mi

NOx
0.11

NMOG
0.039

PM10
?

Source:ElectricPowerResearchInstitute;SBMTD

CO
?

2006 30-ft Bus Emissions (Normalized)

100%

NOx
NMHC

Emissions

80%

PM10
60%

CO

40%
20%

??

0%
LS
Diesel
MY2007
MY2010

ULSD or
B20

Hybrid
(B20 or
ULSD)

CNG

Electric
Local

Sources:Cummins;CARB;USEPA;EPRI;SBMTD

Electric
Total

Well-to-Wheels Emissions

Source:CaliforniaEnergyCommission

GHG Emissions: CO2

Transit Buses

1800

Combustion
Fuel Production

1600
1400
1000
800
600
400

P ro p a n e

C N G /L N G

H y b rid
(B 2 0 )

H y b rid

B 20

200

D ie s e l

g/km

1200

Source:CSIRO(LifeCycleEmissionsAnalysisofAlternativeFuelsforHeavyVehicles)

GHG Emissions: CH4

Transit Buses
3.0

Combustion
Fuel Production

2.5

1.5
1.0

P ropane

C N G /LN G

H y brid
(B 20)

H y brid

0.0

B 20

0.5

D ies el

g/km

2.0

Source:CSIRO(LifeCycleEmissionsAnalysisofAlternativeFuelsforHeavyVehicles)

GHG Emissions: N2O

Transit Buses
0.14

Combustion
Fuel Production

0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04

Propane

Hybrid
(B20)

Hybrid

B20

0.00

CNG/LNG

0.02

Diesel

g/km

0.10

Source:CSIRO(LifeCycleEmissionsAnalysisofAlternativeFuelsforHeavyVehicles)

Global Warming Potential of GHGs

Greenhouse Gas

% of
Total

Global Warming
Potential (100-yr)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

72%

Methane (CH4)

18%

23

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

9%

296

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

1%

4,600- 14,000

Sources:EmissionDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch;
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(3rdAssessmentReport,2001)

Total GHGs: Weighted by 100-yr GWP

GWP Wtd. Combustion

1800
1600

GWP Wtd. Fuel Production

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200

Propane

CNG/LNG

Hybrid
(B20)

Hybrid

B20

Diesel

g/km CO2-equivalents

Transit Buses

Source:CSIRO(LifeCycleEmissionsAnalysisofAlternativeFuelsforHeavyVehicles)

Summary & Conclusions

CNGhasdominatedthealtfuelsbusmarket
Emissionsgapbetweendiesel&altfuelsnarrowing
2010regulations:dieselemissionscomparablewithaltfuels

Biodiesel
lowestcapitalcostofaltfuels
Renewable,energysecurity,reducedGHGemissions

Busindustrymovingtowardsdieselhybrids
improvedfueleconomy,reducedemissions

ElectricBuses
lowestemissions