Ch2 Fluid Statics

FLUID STATICS
Introduction
In many fluid problems fluid is at rest or moves as a rigid body
When fluid is at rest (hydrostatic condition), the pressure variation is due only to
the weight of the fluid and may be calculated by integration. Important applications
are:
pressure distribution in the atmosphere and oceans;
the design of manometer pressure instruments;
forces on submerged flat and curved surfaces
buoyancy on a submerged body
behaviour of floating bodies
If the fluid is moving in a rigid-body motion, the pressure also can be easily
calculated, because the fluid is free of shear stress
Pressure at a Point
Pressure is the normal force per unit area at a given point acting on a given plain
within the fluid mass
How pressure at a point varies with the orientation of the plain?
Consider free body diagram obtained by removing a small triangular wedge of fluid
from some arbitrary location within a fluid mass.
Since there are no shearing stresses, the only forces are due to pressure and weight.
To generalize the case allow fluid element to move as a rigid body with nonzero
acceleration
Apply Newtons second law to fluid element
Pressure at a Point
Pressure at a Point
Equations of motion in y and z direction
x y z
ay
2
x y z
x y z
Fz pz x y ps x s cos 2 2 az
p y x z ps x s sin
With y s cos and z s sin

equations of motion reduce to
p y ps a y
y
2
p z ps a z
z
2
At a point, as x, y and z approach zero: ps p y pz
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is independent of

direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present (Pascals law)
Basic Equation for Pressure Field
How the pressure in a fluid at rest varies from point to point?
Consider a small rectangular fluid element
Two types of forces acting on this element are

surface forces due to pressure, and
a body force equal to the weight of the element
How the pressure in a fluid at rest varies from point to point?
Consider a small rectangular fluid element
Two types of forces acting on this element are

surface forces due to pressure, and
a body force equal to the weight of the element
Applying Newtons second law of motion to the fluid element we obtain general
equation of motion for a fluid in which there are no shearing stresses
p k a
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

For a fluid at rest a = 0 and
p k 0
Pressure does not depend on x or y and depends only on z
dp

dz
For liquids or gases at rest the pressure gradient in the vertical direction at any point in a
fluid depends only on the specific weight of the fluid at that point
Pressure decreases as we move upward in a fluid at rest
Specific weight does not necessarily be a constant, and for gases may vary with elevation
Pressure Variation. Incompressible Fluid

For liquids constant specific weight is assumed. Pressure variation is obtained by direct
integration

For liquids constant specific weight is assumed.
Pressure variation is obtained by direct integration
p2
p1
z2
dp dz
z1
p2 p1 z2 z1
p1 h p2
- hydrostatic pressure distribution
Pressure head, h, is the height of a column of fluid that would give the specified
pressure difference
p p2
h 1
For fluid with a free surface, pressure p at any depth h below the free surface:
p h p0

p1 h p2
p h p0
Pressure in a homogeneous, incompressible fluid at rest depends on the depth of the fluid
relative to some reference plane, and it is not influenced by the size or shape of the tank or
container in which the fluid is held.
Fluid equilibrium in a container of arbitrary surface

The transmission of pressure throughout a stationary fluid is the principle upon which
many hydraulic devices are based (hydraulic jacks, lifts, presses, hydraulic controls on
aircraft and other types of heavy machinery)
Transmission of fluid pressure
Pressure Variation. Compressible Fluid

Density of gases can change significantly with changes in pressure and temperature.
But specific weights of common gases are comparatively small, therefore pressure gradient
in vertical direction is correspondingly small
In problems involving gases in tanks, pipes, and so on effect of elevation changes on the
pressure can be neglected.
If variations in heights are large (thousands of feet) variation in specific weight must be
accounted for.
For gases
p RT
dp
gp
dz
RT
p2 dp
p2
g z2 dz
p1 p ln p1 R z1 T
To integrate last equation, temperature variation with elevation must be known. For
isothermal condition
g z2 z1
p p1 exp
RT
0
Standard Atmosphere
Standard atmosphere is an idealized representation of mean condition in the earths
atmosphere
Properties for standard atmospheric condition at sea level are listed in Table
Temperature profile for the U.S. standard atmosphere is shown on Figure
Since temperature variation is represented by a series of linear segments, equation
p2
p1
dp
p2
g z2 dz
ln

p1
R z1 T
can be integrated to obtain pressure variation
Pressure Measurement (Figure)
Pressure is designated as either absolute pressure of gage pressure
Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum (absolute zero

pressure), gage pressure is measured relative to the local atmospheric pressure
Negative gage pressure is referred to as a suction or vacuum pressure
In this course pressure will be assumed to be gage pressures unless specifically

designated absolute
Pressure difference is independent on the reference, so that no special notation is

required
Pressure is measured in Pa (SI) or psf, psi (BG).
Pressure can also be expressed as a height of column of a liquid
Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure
Manometry
Manometers use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure pressure.
Three common types of manometers include

piezometer tube,
U-tube manometer
inclined-tube manometer
Piezometer Tube
Piezometer Tube
p h p0
p A 1h1
Disadvantages:
- pA must be greater than p0
- h is limited
- fluid in container must be liquid
U-Tube Manometer
U-Tube Manometer
p A 2 h2 1h1
Advantage: gage fluid can be different

from fluid in container
If fluid in container is gas

p A 2 h2
For high pA mercury is used
For small pA water or other light liquids

can be used
Answer:
pair 440 lb/ft 2 3.06 psi
Differential Manometer
Differential Manometer
p A pB 2 h2 3 h3 1h1
p A pB h2 2 1 2.9 kPa
Inclined-Tube Manometer
Inclined-Tube Manometer
p A pB 2l2 sin 3 h3 1h1
for gases
p A pB 2l2 sin
Mechanical and Electronic Pressure

Measuring Devices
Manometers have some disadvantages:

they are not well suited for measuring very high pressures, or pressure that are changing
rapidly with time;
they require the measurement of one or more column heights, which is time consuming
Bourdon tube pressure gage uses a hollow, elastic, and curved tube to measure
pressure;
Aneroid barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure;
Pressure transducer converts pressure into an electrical output:

pressure transducers using Bourdon tube
strain-gage pressure transducers
piezoelectric pressure transducers
Problem 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a

depth of 10 m as shown in Fig. P2.38. A mercury barometer located inside the shell
reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the outside water
pressure indicates a differential reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these
data what is the atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface?

Solution
Let
pa absolute pressure inside shell

patm surface atmosphere pressure
sw specific weight of seawater

Solution
Let
pa absolute pressure inside shell

patm surface atmosphere pressure
sw specific weight of seawater
Manometer equation
patm 10 sw 0.36 sw 0.735 Hg pa
So that
patm pa 10.36 sw 0.735 Hg

kN
kN
kN
0.765 m 133 3 10.36 m 10.1
0.735
m
133
3
3
m
m
m
94.9 kPa
Problem 2.42 The manometer fluid in the

manometer has a specific gravity of 3.46. Pipes A
and B both contain water. If the pressure in pipe A
is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure in pipe B
increases by 0.9 psi, determine the new differential
reading of the manometer.


Solution
Initially
Finally
p A 2 H 2O 2 gf 1 H 2O pB
(1)
p A 2 a H 2O 2 2a gf 1 a H 2O pB
Subtract (2) from (1)
p A p A a H 2O 2a gf a H 2O pB pB
Increment a
p p p p
a
1.03 ft
New differential reading
2 H 2O gf
h 2 2a 4.06 ft
Problem 2.44 The inclined differential manometer

contains carbon tetrachloride. Initially the pressure
differential between pipes A and B, which contain
a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as illustrated in the
figure. It is desired that the manometer give a
differential reading of 12 in. (measured along the
inclined tube) for a pressure differential of 0.1 psi.
Determine the required angle of inclination,

hi
a
Solution
p A pB increases to p A pB

hi
a
Solution
p A pB increases to p A pB
For final configuration
p A hi a br a b sin CCl4 hi b sin br pB
or
p A pB br CCl4
Differential reading along the tube

From (1)
or
a b sin 0
a
b
sin
p A pB br CCl4
p A pB
sin
h br CCl4
h sin 0
(1)

hi
a
Solution
p A pB
sin
h br CCl4
With p A pB 0.1 psi for h 12 in. sin 0.466
Thus
27.8o
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
When a surface is submerged in a fluid, forces develop on it due to fluid
We are interested in the direction, location and magnitude of those forces
For fluids at rest force is perpendicular to the surface
Pressure varies linearly with depth if fluid is incompressible
For horizontal surface force calculation is straightforward
When determining the resultant force on an area, the effect of atmospheric

pressure often cancels
If submerged surface is inclined determination of the resultant force is more

involved
Hydrostatic Force on Inclined Plane Surface
Consider plane surface with area

of arbitrary shape submerged in
the fluid and inclined with respect
to fluid surface

to fluid surface
Assume that fluid surface is open

to atmosphere

to fluid surface

to atmosphere
Let the plane in which the surface

lies intersect the free surface at 0
and make an angle with this
surface

to fluid surface

to atmosphere

surface
Define coordinate system so that

0 is the origin and y is directed
along the surface

to fluid surface

to atmosphere

surface
Define coordinate system so that

0 is the origin and y is directed
along the surface
We wish to determine the

direction, location, and magnitude
of the resultant force acting on
one side of this area due to the
liquid in contact with the area.
The resultant force of a static fluid on a plane surface is due to the

hydrostatic pressure distribution
The magnitude of the resultant fluid force is equal to the pressure acting at
the centroid of the area multiplied by the total area (details)

the centroid of the area multiplied by the total area
FR hc A
The resultant fluid force does not pass through the centroid of the area but
is always below it
The point through which the resultant fluid force acts is called the center of
pressure. Coordinates, yR and xR, of the center of pressure are:

the centroid of the area multiplied by the total area
FR hc A
The resultant fluid force does not pass through the centroid of the area but
is always below it
The point through which the resultant fluid force acts is called the center of
pressure. Coordinates, yR and xR, of the center of pressure are:
I
yR xc yc
yc A
xR
I xyc
yc A
xc
If the submerged area is

symmetrical with respect to an
axis passing through the centroid
and parallel to either the x or y
axes, the resultant force must lie
along the line x = xc , since Ixyc is
identically zero in this case
As yc increases the center of

pressure moves closer to the
centroid of the area..
Centroidal coordinates and moments

of inertia
for some common areas are
provided
Example 2.6 The 4-m-diameter circular gate is located in the inclined wall of a large
reservoir containing water ( = 9.8 kN/m3). The gate is mounted on a shaft along its
horizontal diameter. For a water depth of 10 m above the shaft determine: (a) the
magnitude and location of the resultant force exerted on the gate by the water, and (b)
the moment that would have to be applied to the shaft to open the gate
Solution
(a) Magnitude of the force
FR hc A 1.23 MN
Location
xR
I xyc
yc A
xc 0
since area is symmetrical, and

center of pressure must lie along
diameter A-A
Solution
Moment of inertia
R4
I xc
4
and
yR
I xc
yc 11.6 m
yc A
distance below the shaft to the

center of pressure
yR yc 0.0866 m
Solution
(b) Moment
M FR yR yc 1.07 105 N m
Example 2.7 A large fish-holding tank contains

seawater ( = 64.0 lb/ft3) to a depth of 10 ft. To
repair some damage to one corner of the tank, a
triangular section is replaced with a new section
as illustrated. Determine the magnitude and
location of the force of the seawater on this
triangular area.
Example 2.7 A large fish-holding tank contains

seawater ( = 64.0 lb/ft3) to a depth of 10 ft. To
repair some damage to one corner of the tank, a
triangular section is replaced with a new section
as illustrated. Determine the magnitude and
location of the force of the seawater on this
triangular area.
Solution
Force magnitude
FR hc A 2590 lb
Force location 3
ba
81 4
I xc
ft
36 36
I
yR xc yc 9.06 ft
yc A
I xyc
ba 2
81
b 2d ft 4
72
72
xR
I xyc
yc A
xc 0.0278 ft
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
Development of a free-body diagram of a suitable volume of fluid can be used to

determine the resultant fluid force acting on a curved surface
Consider curved section BC of the open tank, which has a unit length perpendicular
to the plane of slide
Find resultant fluid force acting on this section
Develop free-body diagram
Determine magnitude and location of forces F1 and F2 using relationships for

planar surfaces
Weight acts through the center of gravity of fluid contained within the volume
Forces FH and FV represent components of the force that the tank exerts on the fluid
For this force system to be in equilibrium:

FH F2
FV F1 W
Magnitude of resultant force

FR
FH
FV
Resultant force FR passes through the point O, which can be located by summing
moments about appropriate axis
Resultant force of the fluid acting on the curved surface BC is equal and opposite
in direction to that obtained from the free-body diagram
Example 2.9 The 6-ft-diameter drainage conduit is half full of water at rest. Determine
the magnitude and line of action of the resultant force that the water exerts on a 1-ft
length of the curved section BC of the conduit wall.
Solution Develop free-body diagram and determine forces
Solution Develop free-body diagram and determine forces

F1 hc A 281 lb
Weight vol 441 lb
FH F1 281 lb
FV =Weight 441 lb
Solution Magnitude of the resultant force

FR =
FH FV 523 lb
2
The force the water exerts on the conduit wall is equal, but opposite in direction, to the
forces FH and FV
Note, the line of action of the resultant force passes through the center of the conduit.
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
Archimedes Principle
A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force equal to the weight of
the fluid it displaces
Magnitude of buoyant force
Magnitude of buoyant force
FB V
Buoyant force passes through the centroid of the displaced volume. The point through
which the buoyant force acts is called the center of buoyancy
Buoyant force passes through the centroid of the displaced volume. The point through
which the buoyant force acts is called the center of buoyancy
Summing moments of forces with
respect to axis passing through D
FB yc F2 y1 F1 y1 Wy2
on substitution for forces:
Vyc VT y1 VT V y2
If a body is immersed in a
fluid in which varies
with depth, such as in a
layered fluid, the buoyant
force passes through the
center of gravity of the
displaced volume
Example 2.10 A spherical buoy has a diameter of 1.5 m, weighs 8.50 kN, and is anchored
to the sea floor with a cable. Although the buoy normally floats on the surface, at certain
times (waves, rising tide) the water depth increases so that the buoy is completely
immersed as illustrated. For this condition what is the tension of the cable?
Example 2.10 A spherical buoy has a diameter of 1.5 m, weighs 8.50 kN, and is anchored
to the sea floor with a cable. Although the buoy normally floats on the surface, at certain
times (waves, rising tide) the water depth increases so that the buoy is completely
immersed as illustrated. For this condition what is the tension of the cable?
Solution
FB V 17.85 kN
T FB W 9.35 kN
Stability
Submerged or floating bodies can be either in a stable or unstable position.
Stable equilibrium when displaced body returns to its equilibrium position
Unstable equilibrium when displaced body moves to a new equilibrium position
Stability of Completely Immersed Bodies

For a completely submerged body with a center of gravity below the center of
buoyancy rotation from equilibrium position will create a restoring couple.
If center of gravity is above the center of buoyancy, resulting couple will cause the
body to overturn and move the a new equilibrium position
Stability of a completely immersed body
Stability of Floating Bodies

When floating body rotates the location of the center of buoyancy may change
Stability of a floating body- stable configuration
Stability of Floating Bodies

When floating body rotates the location of the center of buoyancy may change
Stability of a floating body- unstable configuration
Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

Even though a fluid may be in motion, if it moves as a rigid body there will be no
searing stresses present
For such a fluid the general equation of motion
In component form

Even though a fluid may be in motion, if it moves as a rigid body there will be no
searing stresses present
For such a fluid the general equation of motion
p k a
In component form
p
ax
x
p
ay
y
p
az
z
Consider two classes of problems; rigid-body uniform motion, and rigid-body rotation

Linear Motion
Consider an open container of a liquid that is translating along a straight path with a
constant acceleration. Apply general equation of motion
Linear acceleration of a
liquid with a free surface

Linear Motion
Consider an open container of a liquid that is translating along a straight path with a
constant acceleration. Apply general equation of motion
ay
dz
Slope of line of constant pressure, dp = 0, is given by

dy
g az

Linear Motion
If ay=0, az0, fluid surface will be horizontal, but pressure distribution is not
hydrostatic
dp
g az
dz
For a free falling fluid pressure gradients in all directions are zero
Example 2.11 The cross section for the fuel tank of an experimental vehicle is shown in
figure. The rectangular tank is vented to the atmosphere, and a pressure transducer is
located in its side as illustrated. During testing of the vehicle, the tank is subjected to a
constant linear acceleration, ay . (a) Determine an expression that relates ay and the
pressure (in lb/ft2) at the transducer for a fuel with a SG = 0.65. (b) What is the
maximum acceleration that can occur before the fuel level drops below the transducer?
Solution
(a) Slope of the surface
ay
dz
dy
g
change in depth
ay
z1
0.75 ft
g
or
z1 0.75 ft
ay
g
Pressure at the transducer
p h 0.5 ft z1 20.3 30.4
ay
g
Solution
(b) Maximum acceleration
ay
0.5 ft 0.75 ft
or
ay
max
max
2g
3
for a standard acceleration of gravity
y max
21.5 ft/s 2
Note:
p1 p2
Problem 2.92 An open container of oil rests on the flatbed of a truck that is traveling
along a horizontal road at 55 mi/hr. As the truck slows uniformly to a complete stop in 5
s, what will be the slope of the oil surface during the period of constant deceleration?
Problem 2.92 An open container of oil rests on the flatbed of a truck that is traveling
along a horizontal road at 55 mi/hr. As the truck slows uniformly to a complete stop in 5
s, what will be the slope of the oil surface during the period of constant deceleration?
Solution
Acceleration
a
V 55 5.280 ft/mi
16.1 ft/s 2
t
5 3600 s/hr
Slope
dz a y
0.5
dy g

Rigid-Body Rotation
A fluid contained in a tank that rotates with a constant angular velocity about an axis
will rotate as a rigid body
Rigid-body rotation of a
liquid in a tank

Rigid-Body Rotation
A fluid contained in a tank that rotates with a constant angular velocity about an axis
will rotate as a rigid body
p
r 2
r
Pressure gradients (details) :
Differential pressure
liquid in a tank
dp
p
p
dr dz
r
z
p
0
or
p

z
dp r 2 dr dz

Rigid-Body Rotation
Along a surface of constant pressure dp = 0, so that
dz r 2
dr
g
and equation for surfaces of constant pressure is
2r 2
z
constant
2g
Surfaces of constant pressure are parabolic
Pressure distribution in a
rotating liquid

Rigid-Body Rotation
Pressure distribution
2 r 2
p
z constant
2
Pressure varies with the distance from the axis of rotation, but at a fixed radius, the
pressure varies hydrostatically in the vertical direction
Pressure distribution in a
rotating liquid
Example 2.12 It has been suggested that the angular velocity, , of a rotating body or
shaft can be measured by attaching an open cylinder of liquid, as shown in figure, and
measuring with some type of depth gage the change in the fluid level, H h0 , caused by
the rotation of the fluid. Determine the relationship between this change in fluid level
and the angular velocity.
Solution
Height, h, of the free surface
2r 2
h
h0
2g
Initial volume of fluid
Vi R 2 H
Volume of rotating fluid

dV 2 rhdr
V 2
2r 2
2 R 4
r
h0 dr
R 2 h0
4g
2g
Solution
Volume of fluid in tank remains constant
Vi V
2 R 4
R H
R 2 h0
4g
2
Thus
2 R2
H h0
4g
Note: relationship between the change in depth and speed is not linear one
Problem 2.101 A closed, 0.4 m diameter cylindrical tank is completely filled with oil
(SG= 0.9) and rotates about its vertical longitudinal axis with an angular velocity of 40
rad/s. Determine the difference in pressure just under the vessel cover between a point on
the circumference and a point on the axis.
Answer: 28.8 kPa
Chapter 2 summary
Pressure at a Point
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
Measurement of Pressure. Manometry
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
Buoyancy, Floatation, and Stability
Pressure Variation in a Fluid with a Rigid body motion
END OF LECTURE
Supplementary slides
Forces on an arbitrary wedge-shaped element of fluid
back
Surface and body forces acting on small fluid element
back
Resultant surface force
Fs p x y z
Weight of the fluid element
W k x y z k
Surface and body forces acting

on small fluid element
back
back
Variation of temperature with altitude in the U.S standard atmosphere

back
Pressure Measurement
Graphical representation of gage and absolute pressure
back
Pressure Measurement
patm h pvapor
Mercury barometer
back
Liquid-filled Bourdon pressure gages for various pressure ranges
back
Internal elements of Bourdon gages. The C-shaped Bourdon tube is

shown on the left, and the coiled spring Bourdon tube for high pressure
of 1000 psi and above is shown on the right
back
Pressure transducer which combines a linear

variable differential transformer (LVDT) with a
Bourdon gage
back
back
Pressure and resultant hydrostatic

force developed on the bottom of an
open tank
Resultant force
FR pA
If atmospheric pressure act on both sides of the bottom the resultant force on the bottom
is simply due to the liquid in the tank
Since pressure is constant and uniformly distributed over the bottom, the resultant force
acts through the centroid of the area
back
Magnitude of Resultant force

At given depth, h, force acting on dA
is dF= hdA and is perpendicular
to the surface
Magnitude of the resultant force
Magnitude of Resultant force

At given depth, h, force acting on dA
is dF= hdA and is perpendicular
to the surface
Magnitude of the resultant force
FR hdA y sin dA
A
For constant and
FR sin ydA
A
In terms of first moment of the area
ydA yc A
Resultant force
FR hc A
back
Location of Resultant force

Moment of resultant force must equal
moment of distributed pressure force

FR yR ydF sin y 2 dA
A
Since
FR Ayc sin
yR
then
y 2 dA
yc A
or in term of moment of inertia, Ix
yR
Ix
yc A
By use of parallel axis theorem
I x I xc Ayc2
where Ixc is the moment of inertia with
respect to axis passing through
centroid and parallel to x axis. Finally:
yR
I xc
yc
yc A
back

By summing moments about y axis
we get

By summing moments about y axis
we get
FR xR sin xydA
A
and
xR
xydA
yc A
I xy
yc A
Using parallel axis theorem we get
xR
I xyc
yc A
xc
where Ixyc is the product of inertia

with respect to orthogonal coordinate
system passing through centroid of
the area and formed by translation of
the x-y coordinate system
back
Geometrical Properties of Some Common Shapes
back to example 2.6
back
Parallel Axis Theorem for Moment of Inertia

I x I xc Ayc2
Moment of inertia of an area Ix with respect to x axis is equal to the moment of

inertia Ixc with respect to centroidal axis x parallel to the x axis, plus the
product Ayc2 of the area A and of the square of the distance yc between the
two axes
back
Parallel Axis Theorem for Product of Inertia

I xy I xyc Axc yc
Product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal set of axes (x-y coordinate

system) is equal to the product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal set of
axes parallel to the original set and passing through the centroid of the area,
plus the product of the area and the x and y coordinates of the centroid of the
area
back
1 3 1 3
I xc ba bh
12
12
I xyc 0
h
yc
2
b
xc
2
bh3 2 1 h 2
yR
h
12 h bh 2 3
xR xc
b
2
back
Pressure variation. Linear Motion

Pressure gradients
p
0
x
p
ay
y
Change in pressure between two closely spaced points

or
p
g az
z
p
p
dp
dy dz
y
z
dp a y dy g az dz
Slope of line of constant pressure
ay
dz
dy
g az
back

Rigid-Body Rotation
p
Pressure gradient in cylindrical coordinates:
acceleration
pressure gradients
liquid in a tank
p
1 p
p
er
e + e z
r
r
z
a r r 2 e r
a 0
az 0
p
r 2
r
p
0
p

z
back
Quizz #4
A 3x3x3 ft wooden cube (specific weight = 37 lb/ft3) floats in a tank of
water.
a) How much of the cube extends above the water surface?
b) If the tank were pressurized so that the air pressure at the water surface
was increased to 1.0 psi, how much of the cube would extend above the
water surface? Explain how you arrived your answer?
Pressure Prism
Pressure prism is a geometric representation of the hydrostatic force on a plane

surface
Consider pressure distribution along a vertical wall of tank with liquid (Fig. a).
Average pressure , pav, occurs at the depth h/2, and resultant force on area A = bh
h
FR pav A A
2
Pressure Prism
Volume, shown on Fig. b is called the pressure prism
Magnitude of the resultant fluid force is equal to the volume of the pressure prism
and passes through its centroid (details)
FR volume
1
h
h bh A
2
2
Pressure Prism
Above-mentioned is valid for surfaces that do not extend up to the fluid surface. In
this case, the cross section of the pressure prism is trapezoidal
Specific values can be obtained by decomposing pressure prism into two parts,
ABDE and BCD. Thus
FR F1 F2
Pressure Prism
Location of FR can be determined by summing moments about some convenient

axis:
FR yR F1 y1 F2 y2
Example 2.8 A pressurized tank contains oil (SG = 0.90) and has a square, 0.6-m by
0.6-m plate bolted to its side. When the pressure gage on the top of the tank reads 50
kPa, what is the magnitude and location of the resultant force on the attached plate? The
outside of the tank is at atmospheric pressure.
Solution
Solution Resultant force:

F1 ps h1 A 24.4 kN
h2 h1
A 0.954 kN
2
F2
FR F1 F2 25.4 kN
Solution Vertical location of the resultant force:

FR yO F1 0.3 m F2 0.2 m
yO 0.296 m
Note that the air pressure ised in the calculation of the force was gage pressure

Ch2 Fluid Statics

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Ch2 Fluid Statics

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FLUID STATICS

In many fluid problems fluid is at rest or moves as a rigid body

How pressure at a point varies with the orientation of the plain?

Apply Newtons second law to fluid element

With y s cos and z s sin

At a point, as x, y and z approach zero: ps p y pz

The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is independent of

Basic Equation for Pressure Field

How the pressure in a fluid at rest varies from point to point?

Consider a small rectangular fluid element

Two types of forces acting on this element are

Basic Equation for Pressure Field

How the pressure in a fluid at rest varies from point to point?

Consider a small rectangular fluid element

Two types of forces acting on this element are

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

Pressure Variation. Incompressible Fluid

Pressure Variation. Incompressible Fluid

- hydrostatic pressure distribution

Pressure Variation. Incompressible Fluid

Fluid equilibrium in a container of arbitrary surface

Pressure Variation. Incompressible Fluid

Transmission of fluid pressure

Pressure Variation. Compressible Fluid

Since temperature variation is represented by a series of linear segments, equation

can be integrated to obtain pressure variation

Pressure Measurement (Figure)

Pressure is designated as either absolute pressure of gage pressure

Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum (absolute zero

Negative gage pressure is referred to as a suction or vacuum pressure

In this course pressure will be assumed to be gage pressures unless specifically

Pressure difference is independent on the reference, so that no special notation is

Pressure is measured in Pa (SI) or psf, psi (BG).

Pressure can also be expressed as a height of column of a liquid

Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure

Manometers use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure pressure.

Three common types of manometers include

Advantage: gage fluid can be different

If fluid in container is gas

For high pA mercury is used

For small pA water or other light liquids

p A pB 2l2 sin 3 h3 1h1

Mechanical and Electronic Pressure

Manometers have some disadvantages:

Aneroid barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure;

Pressure transducer converts pressure into an electrical output:

Problem 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a

Problem 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a

pa absolute pressure inside shell

Problem 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a

pa absolute pressure inside shell

patm pa 10.36 sw 0.735 Hg

Problem 2.42 The manometer fluid in the

Problem 2.42 The manometer fluid in the

Problem 2.42 The manometer fluid in the

Subtract (2) from (1)

New differential reading

Problem 2.44 The inclined differential manometer

Problem 2.44 The inclined differential manometer

Problem 2.44 The inclined differential manometer

For final configuration

p A hi a br a b sin CCl4 hi b sin br pB

Differential reading along the tube

Problem 2.44 The inclined differential manometer