ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Program S2 Transportasi
PPS UNHAS

Oktober 2011

Summary
Apakah

itu public policy atau Kebijakan

Publik ?
Mengapa Kita Perlukan Kebijakan
Publik?
Tipologi Kebijakan Publik
Idiologi dan Kebijakan Publik
Teori Kebijakan

Apakah itu Kebijakan Publik?

Wilson:

The authoritative statements or

actions of government which reflect the
decisions, values, or goals of
policymakers.

Kebijakan Publik
Peters:

Public policy is the sum of

government activities, whether pursued
directly or through agents, as those
activities have an influence on the lives
of citizens.

What is Public Policy?

The

combination of basic decisions,

commitments, and actions made by
those who hold or affect government
positions of authority. (Gerston)

What

governments do. (Dye)

Singkat Cerita
Kebijakan

Publik tidak hanya terbatas

pada legislasi (peraturan)

Kebijakan

Publik adalah Suatu Proses.

3 Level Kebijakan
Pilihan-pilihan
Penetapan

Keputusan (policy statements)

Keluaran
Tindakan

Dampak

(policy activities)

(Impacts)

Efeknya

pada kehidupan masuarakat

Tahapan Proses Kebijakan

Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation)

Perumusan Agenda

Penetapan Kebijakan

Pelaksanaan Kebijakan

Evaluasi Kebijakan

Formulasi Ulang Masalah (policy feedback)

The Stages of the Policy Process

Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation)

Pilihan
Penetapan Agenda

Pennetapan Kebijakan

Pelaksanaan Kebijakan
OUTPUTS

Evaluasi Kebijakan
Dampak

Perumusan Ulang Masalah (policy feedback)

Contoh: Kebijakan Monorail

Perumusan masalah (Issue formation)

Agenda

Penetapan Kebijakan

Pelaksanaan

Evaluasi

Perumusan Ulang Masalah

Program
mengatasi
perlalulintasan
Kemudahan
Investasi
Monorail
Hemat bbm 20%
Hemat waktu 25%

Mengapa Kita Perlukan Kebijakan

Publik ?

Tipologi Kebijakan
Kebijakan

Simbolik

Emotional

Kebijakan
Transfer

Kebijakan
Outlines

appeal; embodies values/ideals

Substantif
of resources; significant impact

Prosedural
the steps in a process

Tipologi Kebijakan
Tipologi

Kebijakan (Lowi)

Distributif allocate benefits to the larger

population; costs tend to be widely dispersed too
Redistributif allocate benefits to a narrow,
targeted population (the poor); costs tend to be
targeted as well (the rich)
Regulatoris competitive (regulation of market
competition) and protective (protection of public
from perceived harm)

Teori Kebijakan
State-Centered
Focus

Theories

on government actors (organizations,

key individuals) as the primary initiators of
change

Teori Kebijakan
Decision

Theory

Rational

Decision Making
Incremental Decision Making

Teori Kebijakan
Pluralist

Theory (of Democracy)

Assumptions
While

not everyone votes, nearly everyone

belongs to or is represented by organization(s)
These organizations represent the political
interests of their members
Government is responsive to politically
organized interests

No single group wins all the time

Interest group competition

Teori Kebijakan
Teori

Elitisme (of Democracy)

Key

assumption

There

exists a dominant class (elites) who

monopolize political power
Ordinary citizens (the masses) have relatively
little power over matters that are of concern to
elites

Tahapan Kebijakan

Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation)

Agenda

Penetapan Kebijakan

Implementasi kebijakan

Evaluasi

Reformulasi (feedback to problem definition)

Perumusan Masalah

Bagaimana Issu Kebijakan Muncul?

a critical event (or set of events) that

converts a routine problem into a
widely shared, negative public
response. (Gerston, 23)

Mekanisme Pemicu Munculnya Issu

Kebijakan
Skope = orang yang terpengaruh
Intensitas = dirasa penting
Waktu = lamanya waktu kejadian
Policy

issues most likely to progress through

the policy process when scope and intensity
are high, and the critical event(s) happens
quickly.
Triggering mechanisms constitute linkage
between the perception of a problem and
demand for political action.

Mekanisme Pemicu Munculnya

Issu Kebijakan
Internal

- natural catastrophes,
economic calamities, technological
breakthroughs, social evolution
vs.
External acts of war, indirect conflicts,
economic confrontations, balance of
power
Planned vs. Unplanned

Tipe Agenda
Agenda

Publik

Issues

which have received a high level of

public interest and visibility (Cobb, et al.)
Agenda Formal (Government)
Systemic agenda full set of issues thought to be
potentially deserving of government action
Institutional agenda the actual set of issues which
government addresses

Strategi Ekspansi Issu

Media
Issue

Framing

Model Mobilisasi
Government
(formal agenda)

Mass
Public

Public Agenda

TERIMA KASIH