CH 12 Acid Base

Chapter #14
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, Bases and Salts Topics

The Arrhenius Theory
The Brnsted Theory
Naming Acids (See Nomenclature Notes)
The Self-Ionization of Water
The pH Concept
Properties of Acids
Properties of Bases
Salts
The Strengths of Acids and Bases
Analyzing Acids and Bases
Titration Calculations
Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
Buffers
History of Acids and Bases

In the early days of chemistry chemists were organizing
physical and chemical properties of substances. They
discovered that many substances could be placed in two
different property categories:
Substance B
Substance A
1.
Bitter taste
1.
Sour taste
2.
Reacts with carbonates to make CO2 2.
3.
Reacts with metals to produce H2
3.
Do not react with metals
4.
Turns blue litmus pink
4.
Turns red litmus blue
5.
Reacts with B substances to make

salt water
5.
Reacts with A substances make

salt and water
Reacts with fats to make soaps
Arrhenius was the first person to suggest a reason why

substances are in A or B due to their ionization in water.
Arrhenius Theory
The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius proposed the first
definition of acids and bases.
(Substances A and B became
known as acids and bases)
According to the Arrhenius model:
acids are substances that dissociate in water to

produce H+ ions and bases are substances that
dissociate in water to produce OH- ions
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Base
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Acid
What is H+?
e-
+
Hydrogen (H)
+
Proton (H+)
Hydronium Ion
Unknown to Arrhenius free H+ ions do not exist in water. They
covalently react with water to produce hydronium ions, H3O+.
or:
H+ (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq)
This new bond is called a coordinate covalent bond since
both new bonding electrons come from the same atom
Hydronium Ion
Hydronium ion is the name for H3O+ and is often times
abbreviated as H+ (aq) they both mean the same thing.
What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak
acid?
Hydronium Ion
acid? Strong acids ionize 100% and weak ones do not!
Hydronium Ion
A single arrow is used to represent the ionization of a strong
acid. Double arrows (Equilibrium) are used to represent
weak acids.
For example:
HCl (g)
H+ (aq) + Cl - (aq)
HF (g)
H+ (aq) + F
Hydronium Ion
weak acids.
For example:
HCl (g)
H+ (aq) + Cl - (aq)
HF (g)
H+ (aq) + F According to Arrhenius, is water an acid or base?
HOH (l)
H+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Hydronium Ion
weak acids.
For example:
HCl (g)
H+ (aq) + Cl - (aq)
HF (g)
H+ (aq) + F According to Arrhenius, is water an acid or base?
HOH (l)
H+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Neither, he called it Neutral (same amount of OH- and H+
Strong Acids and Bases

How can we identify strong acids or bases?

Easy memorize them!

Easy, memorize them!
Memorized Strong Acids
1. HClO4
2. H2SO4
3. HI
4. HBr
5. HCl
6. HNO3
Memorized Strong Bases

Hydroxides of group 1 and 2
metals, excluding Be and Mg
Bronsted Lowry Theory

Johannes Brnsted and Thomas Lowry revised
Arrheniuss acid-base theory to include this behavior.
They defined acids and bases as follows:
Bronsted
Lowry
An acid is a hydrogen containing species that

donates a proton. A base is any substance that
accepts a proton
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) Cl- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
In the above example what is the Brnsted acid? What is
Bronsted Lowry Theory

In reality, the reaction of HCl with H2O is an equilibrium
and occurs in both directions, although in this case the
equilibrium lies far to the right.
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) Cl - ( aq) + H3O+ (aq)
For the reverse reaction Cl - behaves as a Brnsted

base and H3O+ behaves as a Brnsted acid.
The Cl- is called the conjugate base of HCl. Brnsted
acids and bases always exist as conjugate acid-base
pairs.
Autoionization of Water
In pure water (no solute) water molecules behave as both an
acid and base!!
e.g.
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
This is called the self-ionization (autoionizaion) of water.
Although the equilibrium lies far to the left it is very important to
take into consideration, especially for living systems.
Does anyone know how we write the equilibrium constant for
this reaction?
The auto-ionization of water is described by the
equation:
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is given by:
[H3O ][OH ] [H3O ][OH ]
K
[H2O ][H2O ]
[H2O ]2
K[H2O ]2 [H3O ][OH ]
Kw = K[H2O]2 = 10-14 This equilibrium lies very much

to the left i.e. mostly water. For pure water [OH-] =
[H+] = 1 x 10-7 M
As [OH-] and [H+] are so small the [H2O] is not affected by their
formation. It is useful to define a new constant Kw such that:
1.00 g
ml
mole
18.0 g
ml
10-3 L
55.5 M
[H3O ][OH ] [H3O ][OH ]

K
[H2O ][H2O ]
[H2O ]2
K[H2O ]2 K w [H3O ][OH ]
Kw is called the ion product of water.
What is the value for the ion product of water?
As [OH-] and [H+] are so small the [H2O] is not affected by their
formation. It is useful to define a new constant Kw such that:
1.00 g
ml
mole
18.0 g
ml
10-3 L
55.5 M
[H3O ][OH ] [H3O ][OH ]

K
[H2O ][H2O ]
[H2O ]2
K[H2O ]2 K w [H3O ][OH ]
Kw is called the ion product of water.
What is the value for the ion product of water?
[H+][OH-] = 10-14
We define an aqueous solution as being neutral when the
[H+] = [OH-].
We define an aqueous solution as being acidic when
[H+] > [OH-].
We define an aqueous solution as being basic when
[H+] < [OH-].
However, in each case Kw = 1 x 10-14 M2
[H+] = 0.0000001 = 10-7 (how can this be abbreviated further?)
[H+] = [OH-].
[H+] > [OH-].
[H+] < [OH-].
By just describing the power
[H+] = [OH-].
[H+] > [OH-].
[H+] < [OH-].
By just describing the power Called the power of H, or pH.

[H+] = [OH-].
[H+] > [OH-].
[H+] < [OH-].
By just describing the power Called the power of H, or pH.
Our math departments tells us that log means
pH = 7 power too.
The mathematical definition of pH using [H+] for [H3O+] is

listed below:
pH = -log [H+], or [H+]= 1x10-pH (both are mathematically
equivalent)
How about the power for the OH
called?
, what should this be
The mathematical definition of pH using [H+] for [H3O+] is listed
below:
pH = -log [H+], or [H+] = 1x10-pH (both are mathematically
equivalent)
How about the power for the OH -, what should this be called?
Would you believe pOH?
listed below:
equivalent)
How about the power for the OH -, what should this be
called? Would you believe pOH?
Have you heard of pOH before?
listed below:
equivalent)
How about the power for the OH -, what should this be
called? Would you believe pOH?
Have you heard of pOH before?
pH + pOH = 14 for water solutions.
Now for some examples

1. Find the pH and pOH, when [H+] = 10-4
Now for some examples

1. Find the pH and pOH, when [H+] = 10-4
pH = 4 and pOH = 10, since they must add to 14
using the calculator pH = -log [H+], type in 10-4, push
the log button and pH = -(-4) = 4. Same for pOH
A pH Number line
Number lines have been used in history and math classes,
so to keep up we use them in chemistry classes.
pH = 16
pH = 12
pH = 7
pH = 2
[H+] = 10-2
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
pH = 7
pH = 2
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
pH = 7
pH = 2
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] > [OH -]

acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
pH = 7
pH = 2
[H+] = 10-7
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] > [OH -]

acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
pH = 7
pH = 2
[H+] = 10-7
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
[H+] =10-16
[OH -] =
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
[H+] =10-16
[OH -] = 102
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
[H+] =10-1
[OH -] = 102
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] < [OH -]
basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
[H+] =10-16
[OH -] = 102
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
acidic
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] < [OH -]
basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
A pH Number line
pH = 16
basic
[H+] =10-16
[OH -] = 102
pH = 12
[H+] =10-12
pH = 7
[H+] = 10-7
acidic
pH = 2
[OH -] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
[OH -] = 10-12
[H+] < [OH -]

basic
[H+] < [OH -]
basic
[H+] = [OH -]
neutral
[H+] > [OH -]
acidic
Equations With Acuids

Acids undergo characteristic double replacement reactions
with oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates.
e.g.
2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
2HCl (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2HC l (aq) + Sr(HCO3)2 (aq) SrCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2CO2 (g)
Equations With Acuids

Bases undergo a double replacement reaction with acids
called neutralization:
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) H2O (l) + NaC l (aq)
In words this well known reaction is often described as:

acid plus base = salt plus water
We previously discussed this reaction when describing types of
reactions.
Ionic Equations (a review)

We have discussed the double replacement reactions and ionic
equations before. Since the acids and bases undergo double
replacement reactions called neutralization reactions, then they
can have ionic equations too.
e.g.
Formula equation:
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Ionic equation:
H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
Net ionic equation:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)
Acidic Single Replacement Reactions

Another property of acids is their reaction with certain metals to
produce hydrogen gas, H2 (g).
Zn (s) + 2HC l (aq) H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
This is an example of a single replacement reaction and is a
redox reaction.
Total ionic equation:
Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
Net ionic equation:
Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq)
Salts
Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization
reaction.
Acidic Salts are formed from a strong acid and a weak base.
Neutral salts are formed from a strong acid and strong base.
Basic salts are formed from a strong base and a weak acid.
Give the acid and base the following salts were formed from
and label the salts as acidic, basic, or neutral.
1. NaCl
2. NaC2H3O2
3. NH4Cl
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
1. NaC2H3O2
1. NH4Cl
Reactants are?
NaCl + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
2. NaC2H3O2
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.b.
S.A.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.b.
S.A.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
basic salt
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
basic salt
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
s.b.
NH4Cl + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
basic salt
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
NaCl + HOH
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
s.b.
HCl + NH4OH
NH4Cl + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
Neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
basic salt
3. NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
s.b.
HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
NaCl + HOH
w.b.
NH4Cl + HOH
Salts

reaction.
1. NaCl
neutral salt
2. NaC2H3O2
basic salt
salt
3. acidic
NH4Cl
HCl + NaOH
s.a.
s.b.
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
w.a.
NaC2H3O2 + HOH
s.b.
HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
NaCl + HOH
w.b.
NH4Cl + HOH
Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

HBr (aq)

HBr (aq)
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)

HBr (aq)
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)
Acidic, because H+ (aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
Initial concentration
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
?
+
Br
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.0
+
Br
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
?
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
Br
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
?
Br
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
?
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
[H+] = ?
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
[H+] = 0.1
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
[H+] = 0.1
pH = ?
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
[H+] = 0.1 = 10-1

pH = ?
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
[H+] = 0.1 = 10-1

pH = 1
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
pH = 1
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
pH = 1
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
pH = 1
Final concentration
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
pH = 1
Final concentration
(aq)
acidic?

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
pH = 1
Final concentration
(aq)
No, basic OH-

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
Br
0.1
(aq)
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
pH = 1
Final concentration
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
pH = 1
Final concentration
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
pH = 1
Final concentration
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
pH = 1
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
(aq)

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
?
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
pH = 1
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH?
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
[OH - ] = ?
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
[OH - ] = 0.2
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = ?
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
0.0
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = - log[OH-]
0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
0.0
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.2]
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.2] = -(-0.698970004)
pOH = 0.7

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.2] = -(-0.698970004)
pOH = 0.7
pH = ?

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
Final concentration
[OH - ] = 0.2
pOH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.2] = -(-0.698970004)
pOH = 0.7
pH = 14.0 - 0.07 = 13.3

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
NaF (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
NaF (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
pH = 1
0.2
Na+ (aq) + F (aq)
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
0.0
NaF (aq)
0.0
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
0.2
Na+ (aq) + F (aq)
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration
Acidic, basic, or neutral?

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
0.0
NaF (aq)
0.1
Na
(aq)
0.2
+ F
(aq)
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration
Basic, since HF is w.a. and
NaOH is s.b.
Will sodium and fluorine ions react with water?

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
0.0
0.0
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
0.0
NaF (aq)
0.1
Na
(aq)
0.2
+ F
(aq)
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration
NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH (sb) + H+

0.1
HBr (aq)
H+ (aq)
0.0
0.1
0.1
Br
0.1
Final concentration
0.0
0.0
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH-
0.0
0.1
NaF (aq)
pH = 1
(aq)
Na
(aq)
0.2
+ F
(aq)
(aq)
pH = 13.3
final concentration
NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH (sb) + H+
Na+ + HOH
Na+ + OH- + H+
HOH
OH- + H+
No Reaction, water
cannot make water

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
Na
(aq)
0.0
0.0
0.0
NaF (aq)
(aq)
final concentration
0.2
+ F
(aq)
pH = 13.3

NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.
Cannot make strong

acids or bases from weak
ones

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
Na
(aq)
0.0
0.0
0.0
NaF (aq)
(aq)
final concentration
0.2
+ F
(aq)
pH = 13.3

NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.
Cannot make strong

ones

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
Na
(aq)
0.0
0.0
0.0
NaF (aq)
(aq)
final concentration
0.2
+ F
(aq)
pH = 13.3

NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
F - + HOH
HF + OH-
w.a.
Cannot make strong

ones

0.1
HBr (aq)
0.0
H+ (aq)
0.1
0.1
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Br
0.1
pH = 1
(aq)
Final concentration
Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH0.1
Na
(aq)
0.0
0.0
0.0
NaF (aq)
(aq)
final concentration
0.2
+ F
(aq)
pH = 13.3

NaOH is s.b.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
F - + HOH
HF + OHw.a.
Cannot make strong

ones
Yes, HF weak acid and
OH- is formed, thus basic
salt!

NH4Cl (aq)
NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH4Cl (aq)
acidic, basic, or neutral?

HCl + NH4OH
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!
Will the ions from the salt combine with water?

NH4+ + HOH
NH4OH + H+

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4+ + HOH
NH4OH + H+
w.b.

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
NH4OH + H
w.b.
This reaction is OK,

since a w.b. is formed

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
NH4OH + H
Cl- + HOH
HCl + OH-
w.b.


HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
Cl- + HOH
NH4OH + H
w.b.

HCl (sa) + OH-

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
Cl- + HOH
NH4OH + H
w.b.

H+ + Cl- + OH-

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
HOH
NH4OH + H
w.b.
H+ + OH-

Again water
cannot make
water! NR

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
NH4OH + H
Cl- + HOH
HCl + OH-
w.b.
s.a.


HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
Cl- + HOH
NH4OH + H
w.b.
HCl + OHs.a.

Cannot form s.a. from
weaker reactants, thus
N.R.

HCl + NH4OH
s.a.
w.b.
NH4Cl (aq)
NH4Cl + HOH
Acidic!

NH4 + HOH
+
Cl- + HOH
NH4OH + H
w.b.
HCl + OHs.a.

Cannot form s.a. from
weaker reactants, thus
N.R.
Since H+ was formed in the first reaction, then [H+] is now

greater than [OH-] making the solution acidic

NaCl (aq)

NaCl (aq)
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)

NaCl (aq)
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)

HCl + NaOH
NaCl (aq)
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!
Now react each of the ions with water.

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.
Cannot form strong

bases from weaker
ones, thus N.R.

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.
Cannot form strong

bases from weaker
ones, thus N.R.

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
Cl- + HOH
HCl + OH-
s.b.
Cannot form strong

bases from weaker
ones, thus N.R.

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
NaOH + H+
Cl- + HOH
HCl
+
OH
s.a.
s.b.
Cannot form strong

bases from weaker
ones, thus N.R.

HCl + NaOH
s.a.
NaCl (aq)
s.b.
NaCl + HOH
Na+ (aq) + Cl-
(aq)
Neutral!

Na+ + HOH
-
Cl + HOH
NaOH + H+
s.b.
HCl
+
s.a.
Cannot form strong

bases from weaker
ones, thus N.R.
- Cannot form strong

OH acids from weaker
ones, thus N.R.
Buffers
Buffers are extremely important in chemistry and
biology. They maintain a nearly consistent pH in
various solutions.
Buffers
various solutions.
Our blood must maintain a pH around 7.35-7.45. If
the pH is above 7.45 you would have a condition
called alkalosis. If the pH is below 7.35, then one
would suffer from acidosis.
Buffers
various solutions.
Acidosis leads to depression of the nervous system.
Mild acidosis can result in dizziness, disorientation,
or fainting; a more severe case can cause coma, or
death.
Buffers
various solutions.
Mild acidosis can result in dizziness, disorientation, or
fainting; a more severe case can cause coma, or
death.
What would happen to the pH of our blood if we were
to eat acidic foods, such as apples, oranges, or
limes? What might happen to the pH of our blood if
some of the hydrochloric acid from our stomach were
to seep into our blood?
Buffers
various solutions.
Mild acidosis can result in dizziness, disorientation, or
fainting; a more severe case can cause coma, or
death.
What would happen to the pH of our blood if we were
to eat acidic foods, such as apples, oranges, or
limes? What might happen to the pH of our blood if
some of the hydrochloric acid from our stomach were
to seep into our blood? The pH would be lower in both
Despite the possibility of pH increases or decreases,

the body maintains a nearly constant pH of 7.4. The
body uses buffers to maintain this remarkable feat.
What is a buffer and how does it

work?


work?
A buffer consists of a weak acid and the salt of its
conjugate base, or a weak base and the salt of its
conjugate acid.
Examples:
HF
+
NaOH
w.a.
HOH
c.b.
NaF +


work?
A buffer consists of a weak acid and the salt of its
conjugate base, or a weak base and the salt of its
conjugate acid.
Examples:
HF
+
NaOH
w.a.
HOH
NH3 + HCl
w.b.
c.b.
c.a.
NaF +
NH4Cl
HF
(g)
Buffer preparation:
Add 0.10 mole HF (g)
and NaF (s) to 1.0 L of
water.
1.0
L
NaF (s)
HF
(g)
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g)
H+ + 1.0
Flarge
NaF (s)
+ F-
small
Na+
NaF (s)
H+ Na+ FHF
HCl
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g)
H+ + F
1.0
large
small
NaF (s)
Na+
+ FNow add the strong
acid HCl
HF Na+ FH+
HCl
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g)
H+ + F
1.0
Large
small
HF Na+ FH+
H
Cl-
NaF (s)
Na+
+ FNow add the strong
acid HCl
HCl
H+ What will the pH be if just water
and no buffer?
+ Cl-
HCl
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g) H+ + FLarge
sma
ll
1.0
L
H+ Na+ FHF
H
Cl-
NaF (s)
Na+
+ FNow add the strong acid
HCl
HCl
H+What will the pH be if just water and
no buffer? pH = 1, dead if this is your
+ Clblood.
HCl
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g) H+ + FLarge
sma
ll
1.0
L
H+ Na+ FHF
H
Cl-
NaF (s)
Na+
HCl
HCl
+ Clblood.
What removes the H+ to keep the pH
near 7?
HCl
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g) H+ + FLarge
sma
ll
1.0
L
H+ Na+ FHF
H
Cl-
NaF (s)
Na+
HCl
HCl
+ Clblood.
What removes the H+ to keep the pH near 7? The
conjugate base, FH+ + FHF (a weak acid,
low H+ )
NaOH
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g) H+ + FLarge
sma
ll
1.0
L
H+ Na+ FHF
OH
Na
+
NaF (s)
Na+
+ FNow add the strong base
What will the pH be if just
NaOH
NaOH
Na+ +
water and no buffer?
OH-
NaOH
Buffer preparation:
water.
HF (g) H+ + FLarge
sma
ll
1.0
L
H+ Na+ FHF
OH
Na
+
NaF (s)
Na+
+ FNow add the strong base NaOH
What will the pH be if just
NaOH
Na+ +
water and no buffer? PH =
OH13, the
dead
What removes the OH- to keep
pHagain
near 7? The acid
HF
HF + OHF- +
HOH
Titration
Titration is an experimental
procedure to determine the
concentration of an unknown
acid
or base.
The figure
on the left shows the
glassware for a titration

experiment. A buret clamp
holds the buret to a ring stand
and below the buret is a flask
containing the solution to be
titrated, which includes an
indicator. The purpose of the
indicator is to indicate the point
of neutralization by a color
change.
NaOH + HCl NaCl +

HOH
The picture on the left

shows the tip of a buret,
with air bubble, which is not
good, and also shows the
stop-cock. Note the
position of the stop-cock is
in the off position. This
picture shows the color of
the phenolphthalein
indicator at the end-point.
In this experiment a 23.00
mL aliquot of 0.1000 M
NaOH titrant is added to
5.00 mL of an unknown HCL
solution. The acid solution
in the beaker starts out
Titration
How can we calculate the concentration of acid
in the beaker?
Titration
How can we calculate the concentration of acid in the
beaker?
Normal procedure, yes, a conversion. Steps 1-4,
again!

beaker?
Normal procedure, yes, a conversion.
Steps 1-4, again!
0.100 mole
L NaOH solution
NaOH

beaker?

again!
10-3 L solution
0.100 mole
L
NaOH solution mL solution
NaOH

beaker?
Steps 1-4, again!
23.00 mL
10-3 L solution
0.100 mole
L
NaOH solution mL solution soln
NaOH

beaker?
Steps 1-4, again!
10-3 L solution
23.00 mL
0.100 mole
L NaOH solution mL solution soln
NaOH
mole
mole
HCl NaOH

beaker?
again!
10-3 L solution
23.00 mL
0.100 mole
L
NaOH solution mL solution soln
NaOH
mole
mole
HCl NaOH

beaker?
again!
0.100 mole
10-3 L solution
23.00 mL
L NaOH solutionmL solution
NaOH
soln
mL HCl soln.
mole
mole NaOH10-3 L HCl soln.
HCl

beaker?
again!
0.100 mole
10-3 L solution
23.00 mL
L NaOH solutionmL solution soln

NaOH
mole
mL HCl soln.
mole
HCl NaOH10-3 L HCl soln.5.00 mL

beaker?
again!
0.100 mole
10-3 L solution
23.00 mL
L NaOH solutionmL solution soln

NaOH
mole
mL HCl soln.
=
-3
mole
HCl NaOH10 L HCl soln.5.00 mL
0.460 M
HCl
Indicators
Indicators are weak organic (carbon

containing) acids of various colors depending
on the formula of the acid. Below is a generic
acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
s
pink
1. Describe the color change when a strong acid is added?
Indicators

acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
Less pink
pink
1. Describe the color change

when a strong acid is added?
s
Indicators

acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
pink
1. Describe the color change when a strong acid Less

is added?
pink
s
2. Describe the color change when a strong base is added?
Indicators
Indicators are weak organic (carbon containing)

acids of various colors depending on the formula
of the acid. Below is a generic acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
pink
1. Describe the colors change when a strong acid Less

is added?
pink
2. Describe the color change when a strong baseDarker
is added?
pink
Indicators
acid.
HA H+ + Acolorle
pink
1. Describe the color change

when a strong acid is
Less
added?
pink
ss
2. Describe the color change when a strong base is
Darker
added?
3. Describe the color change when the pH is lowered?
pink
Indicators

acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
pink
pink
1. Describe the color change when a strong acidLess
is added?
2. Describe the color change when a strong baseDarker
is added?
Less
pink
pink
Indicators
acid.
HA H+ + Acolorles
pink
1. Describe the color schange when a strong acid is

Less
added?
pink
2. Describe the color change when a strong base is
Darker
added?
Lesspink
pink
4. Describe the color change when the pH is raised?
Indicators
acid.
HA
H+ + A-
colorles
pink
1. Describe the color

change when a strong acid Less
is added?
pink
s
2. Describe the color change when a strong base Darker
is added?
pink
Less
pink
4. Describe the color change when the pH is
Darker
raised?pink
Color versus pH of Many Different

indicators
How can we make an indicator?
How can we make an

indicator?
Step One
Step Two
Step Three
Red
Cook the
Filter the
Cabbage
Cabbage
Juice
What color is the juice after

filtering?
What color is the juice after filtering? The color

of pH 6, 7, or 8
Colors of cabbage juice at various

pH values
The End Ch#14

ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

CH 12 Acid Base

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CH 12 Acid Base

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Chapter #14

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids, Bases and Salts Topics

History of Acids and Bases

Reacts with carbonates to make CO2 2.

Reacts with metals to produce H2

Do not react with metals

Turns blue litmus pink

Turns red litmus blue

Reacts with B substances to make

Reacts with A substances make

Reacts with fats to make soaps

Arrhenius was the first person to suggest a reason why

acids are substances that dissociate in water to

HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Strong Acids and Bases

Strong Acids and Bases

Strong Acids and Bases

Memorized Strong Bases

Bronsted Lowry Theory

An acid is a hydrogen containing species that

Bronsted Lowry Theory

For the reverse reaction Cl - behaves as a Brnsted

Kw = K[H2O]2 = 10-14 This equilibrium lies very much

[H3O ][OH ] [H3O ][OH ]

[H3O ][OH ] [H3O ][OH ]

We define an aqueous solution as being neutral when the

The mathematical definition of pH using [H+] for [H3O+] is

, what should this be

Now for some examples

Now for some examples

[H+] > [OH -]

[H+] > [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

[H+] < [OH -]

Equations With Acuids

Equations With Acuids

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) H2O (l) + NaC l (aq)

In words this well known reaction is often described as:

Ionic Equations (a review)

Acidic Single Replacement Reactions

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Salts are the ionic product of an acid base neutralization

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acidic, because H+ (aq)

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis

Acid, Base, and Salt Hydrolysis