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Topik perkuliahan
Figure 23.1
Digestive Process
Digestive Process
Figure 23.2
Deglutition swallowing
Propulsion swallowing and peristalsis
Digestion:
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption movement of nutrients from the GI
tract to the blood or lymph
Defecation elimination of indigestible solid waste
Mastication
Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands
Figure 23.9a
Control of Salivation
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Bolus of
food
Tongue
Uvula
Pharynx
Bolus
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
Glottis
Esophagus
Trachea
(a) Upper esophageal
sphincter contracted
Bolus
(c) Upper esophageal
sphincter contracted
Relaxed
muscles
Relaxed muscles
Circular muscles
contract, constricting
passageway and pushing
bolus down
Bolus of food
Gastroesophageal
sphincter open
Longitudinal muscles
contract, shortening
passageway ahead of bolus
Gastroesophageal
sphincter closed
Stomach
(d)
(e)
Pharynx Function
Stomach
Chemical
breakdown
of proteins
begins and
food is
converted
to chyme
pepsin
pepsin
Enteroendocrine cells secrete gastrin, histamine,
endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and
somatostatin into the lamina propria
Stomach Lining
The stomach is exposed to the harshest conditions
in the digestive tract
To keep from digesting itself, the stomach has a
mucosal barrier with:
A thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the
stomach wall
Epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions
Gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCl
Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase
Figure 23.19
Intestinal Movements
Chyme arrives in duodenum
Weak peristaltic contractions move it slowly
toward jejunum:
Myenteric reflexes
Not under CNS control
Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates
local peristalsis and segmentation
Pacesetter(pacemaker) Cells
Located in muscularis mucosae and
muscularis externa:
Surrounding lumen of digestive tract
Peristalsis
Consists of waves of muscular contractions
Moves a bolus along the length of the
digestive tract
Peristaltic Motion
1. Circular muscles contract behind bolus:
While circular muscles ahead of bolus
relax
2. Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
contract:
Shortening adjacent segments
3. Wave of contraction in circular muscles:
Forces bolus forward
Segmentation
Cycles of contraction:
Churn and fragment the bolus
Mix contents with intestinal secretions
Peristaltics
Peristaltics
Figure 23.3
Initial State
Longitudinal
muscle
Circular
muscle
From
mouth
To
anus
Contraction
Figure 23.3
Control of Motility
Intestinal Secretions
Intestinal Juice
Gastrointestinal hormones
Materi 2
Food is ingested
Mechanical digestion begins (chewing)
Propulsion is initiated by swallowing
Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown
of starch
The pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits
to pass food from the mouth to the stomach
The stomach:
Holds ingested food
Degrades this food both physically and
chemically
Delivers chyme to the small intestine
Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin
Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption
of vitamin B12
Digestion
Essential Nutrients
A typical meal contains:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Water
Electrolytes
Vitamins
Digestion
Digestion
Digestive Enzymes
Are secreted by:
Salivary glands
Tongue
Stomach
Pancreas
Digestion
Digestive Enzymes
Break molecular bonds in large organic
molecules:
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids
In a process called hydrolysis
Are divided into classes by targets:
Carbohydrases break bonds between simple
sugars
Proteases break bonds between amino acids
Lipases separate fatty acids from glycerides
Digestion
Digestive Enzymes
Brush border enzymes break nucleotides into:
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogenous bases
Fig. 41-13
Protein digestion
Carbohydrate digestion
Oral cavity,
pharynx,
esophagus
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
(starch, glycogen)
(sucrose, lactose)
Fat digestion
Salivary amylase
Smaller polysaccharides,
maltose
Stomach
Proteins
Pepsin
Small polypeptides
Lumen of
small intestine
Polysaccharides
Pancreatic amylases
Polypeptides
Pancreatic trypsin and
chymotrypsin
DNA, RNA
Fat globules
Pancreatic
nucleases
Bile salts
Fat droplets
Smaller
polypeptides
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic carboxypeptidase
Glycerol, fatty
acids, monoglycerides
Amino acids
Epithelium
of small
intestine
(brush
border)
Small peptides
Disaccharidases
Monosaccharides
Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase,
and aminopeptidase
Amino acids
Nucleotidases
Nucleosides
Nucleosidases
and
phosphatases
Nitrogenous bases,
sugars, phosphates
Water Absorption
Cells cannot actively absorb or secrete water
All movement of water across lining of
digestive tract:
Involves passive water flow down osmotic
gradients due to electrolyte movement
Figure 23.34
Figure 23.35
Nutrient Absorption
Majority of absorption takes place in the small intestine
Nutrients are absorbed via
Passive diffusion nutrients move from high
concentration to low concentration; no energy is
required
Facilitated diffusion nutrients move from high
concentration to low concentration with the help
of a carrier protein; no energy is required
Active transport nutrients move from low
concentration to high concentration with the help
of a carrier protein, energy is required
Endocytosis cell forms a vesicle to surround
and engulf a nutrient
Nutrient Absorption
Figure 23.36
Electrolyte Absorption
Electrolyte Absorption
Water Absorption
Malabsorption of Nutrients
Materi 3
Liver
Liver
Figure 23.24c, d
Composition of Bile
Cholecystokinin causes:
The gallbladder to contract
The hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
Figure 23.25
Pancreas
Location
Lies deep to the greater curvature of the
stomach
The head is encircled by the duodenum and
the tail abuts the spleen
Pancreas
Exocrine function
Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down
all categories of foodstuff
Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain
zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
Figure 23.26a
Examples include
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by
enteropeptidase (enterokinase)
Procarboxypeptidase is activated to
carboxypeptidase
Active enzymes secreted
Amylase, lipases, and nucleases
These enzymes require ions or bile for optimal
activity
Figure 23.28
Materi 4
Large Intestine
Figure 23.29a
Bacterial Flora
The bacterial flora of the large intestine consist of:
Bacteria surviving the small intestine that enter the
cecum and
Those entering via the anus
These bacteria:
Colonize the colon
Ferment indigestible carbohydrates
Release irritating acids and gases (flatus)
Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K
Haustral contractions
Slow segmenting movements that move the
contents of the colon
Haustra sequentially contract as they are
stimulated by distension
Defecation
Defecation
Figure 23.32
DEFECATION
REFLEX
Parasympathetic
neurone
Somatic
neurone
Sensory
neurone
Stretch
receptors
Rectum
Anal
sphincters
Osmotic diarrhea
Constipation
Hirschprungs Disease