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INTRODUCTION
The terms petroleum gas and refinery gas are often used to identify
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or even gas that emanates from the top of a
refinery distillation column.
For the purpose of this text, petroleum gas not only describes liquefied
petroleum gas but also natural gas and refinery gas. In this chapter, each gas
is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas
(ASTM D-4150). However, the composition of each gas varies (Table 3.1) and
recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied.
The first and most important aspect of gaseous testing is the
measurement of the volume of gas (ASTM D-1071). In this test method,
several techniques are described and may be employed for any purpose where
it is necessary to know the quantity of gaseous fuel. In addition, the
thermophysical properties of methane (ASTM D-3956), ethane (ASTM D-3984),
propane (ASTM D-4362), n-butane (ASTM D-4650), and iso-butane (ASTM D4651) should be available for use and consultation
Density
Compositi
on
Volatilit
y and
vapor
pressur
e
Sulfur
3. DENSITY
The density of light hydrocarbons can be determined by several methods
(ASTM D-1070) including a hydrometer method (ASTM D-1298) and a
pressure hydrometer method (ASTM D-1657, IP 235). The specific gravity
(relative density) (ASTM D-1070, ASTM D-1657) by itself has little significance
compared with its use for higher-molecular-weight liquid petroleum products
and can only give an indication of quality characteristics when combined with
values for volatility and vapor pressure. It is important for stock quantity
calculations and is used in connection with transport and storage.
2. COMPOSITION
Currently the preferred method for the analysis of liquefied petroleum gas, and indeed for most
petroleum-related gases, is gas chromatography (ASTM D-2163, IP 264). This technique can be used
for the identification and measurement of both main constituents and trace constituents. However,
there may be some accuracy issues that arise in the measurement of the higher-boiling constituents
because of relative volatility under the conditions in which the sample is held. Capillary column gas
chromatography is an even quicker and equally accurate alternative. Mass spectrometry (ASTM D1137) is also suitable for analysis of petroleum gases. Of the other spectroscopic techniques, infrared
and ultraviolet absorption may be applied to petroleum gas analysis for some specialized
applications. Gas chromatography has also largely supplanted chemical absorption methods of
analysis, but again these may have some limited specialized application. Once the composition of a
mixture has been determined it is possible to calculate various properties such as specific gravity,
vapor pressure, calorific value and dew point.
In general, gas chromatography will undoubtedly continue to be the method of choice for
characterization of light hydrocarbon materials. New and improved detection devices and techniques,
such as chemiluminescence, atomic emission, and mass spectroscopy, will enhance selectivity,
detection limits, and analytical productivity. Laboratory automation through autosampling, computer
control, and data handling will provide improved precision and productivity, as well as simplified
method operation. properties and test methods Compositional analysis can be used to calculate
calorific value, specific gravity, and compressibility factor (ASTM D-3588). Mercury in natural gas is
also measured by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (ASTM D-6350) and by atomic absorption
spectroscopy (ASTM D-5954).
4. SULFUR
The sulfur compounds that are mainly responsible for corrosion are hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl
sulfide, and, sometimes, elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans have distinctive
unpleasant odors. Control of the total sulfur content, hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans ensures
that the product is not corrosive or nauseating. Stipulating a satisfactory copper strip test
further ensures control of corrosion.
Total sulfur in gas can be determined by combustion (ASTM D-1072), by the lamp method
(ASTM D-1266), or by hydrogenation (ASTM D-3031, ASTM D-4468). Trace total organic and
bound nitrogen is determined (ASTM D-4629). The current test method for heavy residues in
liquefied petroleum gas (ASTM D-2158) involves evaporation of a liquefied petroleum gas
sample, measuring the volume of residue and observing the residue for oil stain on a piece of
filter paper.
Corrosive sulfur compounds can be detected by their effect on copper and the form in which the
general copper strip corrosion test (ASTM Dl838) for petroleum products is applied to liquefied
petroleum gas. Hydrogen sulfide can be detected by its action on moist lead acetate paper, and
a procedure is also used as a measure of sulfur compounds.
6. WATER
It is a fundamental requirement that liquefied petroleum gas should not
contain free water (ASTM D-2713). Dissolved water may give trouble by
forming hydrates and giving moisture vapor in the gas phase. Both of these
will lead to blockages. Therefore, test methods are available to determine the
presence of water using electronic moisture analyzers (ASTM D-5454), dewpoint temperature (ASTM D-1142), and length-of-stain detector tubes (ASTM
D-4888).
NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is found in petroleum reservoirs as free gas (associated gas), in
solution with petroleum in the reservoir (dissolved gas), or in reservoirsthat
contain only gaseous constituents and no (or little) petroleum.
Natural Gas (Gas), either as a associated gas and non associated gas
A desired component of natural gas is a component of Hydrocarbons
Component of natural gas is undesirable impurities
Purification of natural gas is an attempt to mitigate / reduce the content of
impurities to the extent desired requirements
Components of non
hydrocarbon natural gas
(gas)
RSH (mercaptans)
N2 (nitrogen gas)
He (helium)
Hg (mercury)
Should be tested in the laboratory against Gas Natural out of the well
The purpose of testing for natural gas:
1. to determine the content of chemical compounds contained therein
2. to determine the type of process purifikasinya (treating), the number of
unit processes, types
of chemicals used and the dose of chemicals
used
LPG
13
TESTING COMPOSITION
(ASTM D 1945/GPA 2261)
The equipment used is a Gas Chromatography (GC)
The components of the natural gas that is separated by boiling point with
GC equipment- are:
He
C H
CO
2
- O2
H 2S
nC5H12
- N2
C3H8
C6H14
- CH4
iC4H10
C7H16 (C6+)
- CO2
nC4H10
Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)
Komponen
Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)
0,01 10
- C 3H 8
- O2
0,01 20
- iC4H10
0,01 10
- N2
0,01 100
- nC4H10
0,01 10
- CH4
0,01 100
- nC5H12
0,01 2
- CO2
0,01 20
- C6H14
0,01 2
- C 2H 6
0,01 100
- C7H16 (C6+)
0,01 2
- H 2S
0,01 5
0,01 100
TESTING WATER
There are two water contained in natural gas, which is water-soluble natural gas
and water are not dissolved in natural gas.
Water-insoluble in the separate existence of natural gas from natural gas, in the
form of free water.
Testing of water in the gas carried by flowing gas into a hygroscopic substance as
an absorbent (desiccant).
The difference in weight between before and after the experiment is the weight of
water in natural gas.
Testing the water content is not written in detail as a standard method of analysis.
The report results are expressed in units of wt%, ppm or mg / L.
357
96
Hg(iCH3H7)2
170
Hg(nCH3H7)2
190
Hg(C4H9)2
206
TESTING OF MERCURY
1. Testing of mercury (Hg) in natural gas use equipment AAS analysis
technique called:
1. Mechanical formation of mercury vapor (mercury vapor generation)
2. Mechanical vapor formation of hybrids
3. Uptake with gold (with a mercury analyzer tool, eg NIC)
COMPOSITION LPG
H Y D R O C A R B O N C OM P O N EN T
Hydrocarbon components in the form of compounds of nparaffins, isoparaffins and olefins. Calorific value of
compound paraffin and iso-paraffin is high, while the
presence of the olefin will lower calorific value.
N O N HY D R O C A R BO N
C O MP O N E NT
Components nonhidrokarbon form
compounds of H2S, RSH (composed of
ethyl mercaptan), RSR (Sulfide,
consisting of dimethyl sulphide), RSSR
(disulfide, consisting of dimethyl
disulfide), COS, CS2, S02, C02, N2, H2,
He and Hg.
It is seen that the higher the
concentration of the compound
nonhidrokarbon will lower caloric value.
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, n-C4H10, i-C4H10, n-C4H8, i-C4H8, transC4H8, cis-C4H8, 1.3-C4H8, n-C5H12 dan i-C5H12
SIFAT-SIFAT LPG
LPG has a higher calorific value compared to other household fuels.
LPG should not corrode either on stockpiling, transportation and equipment
used.
LPG should not happen sediment on the storage system.
LPG should have a vapor pressure enough to not jeopardize safety in the
transport, distribution and storage.
The result of the combustion of LPG should be clean and does not pollute
the air, for it was examined kebesrsihannya properties.
PAR AM ETE R U JI L P G
LNG
1
2
3
4
5
7
TESTING OF COMPOSITION
Composition testing was conducted by ASTMD 2163 by means of gas chromatography
(GC).
The composition of LPG is expressed as the hydrocarbon component, reported in units%
vol.
Required that for LPG propane C3 total content of at least 95% vol, LPG mix total content
of C3 + C4 minimum 97.5% vol, LPG butane minimum total C4 content of 97.5% vol
To determine the hydrocarbon compounds contained in LPG, because by knowing the
composition can be used to calculate the physical properties of LPG, such as calorific
value, vapor pressure, specific gravity.
By knowing the caloric value of LPG, it can be used in the calculation of purchase for
each unit weight and unit volume.
Calorific value of LPG is the highest when compared to the calorific value of electricity,
firewood, charcoal, kerosine or gas city.
L P G BU TA NA
L P G BU TA NA
TESTING WATER
There are two water contained in the LPG, the LPG water-soluble and waterinsoluble in LPG.
Water-insoluble in this LPG separate existence of LPG, in the form of free
water. Free water testing on LPG products is done by observation by eye
(visual way), is not written in detail on the specifics.
This test is considered as water content and are reported as "no free water"
(there are no free water).
To indicate the likelihood of crystalline water on LPG, especially at low
temperatures.
LNG/GAS REFINERY
LNG is one of the products derived from natural gas liquefied at a
temperature of - 160 C and a pressure of 1.25 kg / cm 2 absolute.
Natural gas as feed an LNG plant has gone through several purification
processes in order to reduce / lower the unwanted components (impurity),
so that the LNG product produced meets the specifications.
Mercury should be as low as possible, to protect the corrosion of the
material of aluminum in addition to the hazardous nature B3.
And also contains components such as H2S CO2, H2O and heavy
hydrocarbons should be reduced to a certain extent, because it is very
corrosive.
KOMPONEN LNG
H i d r o k a r b o n C o m p o n en t
N o n- hi d r o k a r b o n C o m po n en t