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correlation
Presented by
ZAHID AHMAD
Correlation –
it is relationship of
quantitative nature,
which analysis of the
co-variation between
two or more variables.
When to Use Correlation
and
What it Tells Us
Researchers compute correlation
coefficients when they want to
know how two variables are
related to each other
Two fundamental characteristics
of correlation coefficients
• Direction of the correlation
coefficient
• Strength or the magnitude of
the relationship
Meaning of correlation
It describe the designed to find out if the
statistical relationship between the two
variables exist or not.
Concept of correlation
Correlation is a statistical tool which
studies the relationship between two
variables, and correlation analysis
involves various methods and techniques
used for studying and measuring the
extent of the relationship between two
variables.
Objective of
correlation
The relationship between two
variables such that a change in
one variable results in a positive
or negative change .
The correlation express rates
between the groups of items.
What is correlation?
100
Positive Correlation
80 80
correlations are represented 70 70
by scattergrams
Score on Exam
Score on Exam
60 60
40
50
40
indicate the scores of each 30 30
case in a sample 20 20
simultaneously on two 10 10
0 0
variables 1 6 11 1 6 11
r: the symbol for the sample Hours Spent Studying Hours Spent Studying
Pearson correlation coefficient
The scattergrams presented here represent very
strong positive and negative correlations
(r = 0.97 and r = -0.97 for the positive and
negative correlations, respectively)
No Correlation
N o C orre lation B e twe e n H ours S pe nt S tudying and Exam
No discernable pattern
S core s
between the scores on the
100 two variables
90 We learn it is virtually
80
70
impossible to predict an
60 individual’s test score simply
Scores on Exam
The quantity r, called the linear correlation coefficient, measures the strength and
the direction of a linear relationship between two variables. The linear correlation
coefficient is sometimes referred to as the Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient in honor of its developer Karl Pearson.
Karl Pearson
60
Performance 50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
Anxiety
SUMMARY
Correlation is an analysis of the mutual
relationship two or more variables.
It may be positive ,negative or inverse,
linear, perfectly linear, perfect negative
and positive.
X and y is variables.
when it is increase in one direction than
this is positive correlation.
When,
It is decrease in one direction, than
this is called negative correlation.
Coff of correlation denoted in x and
y specially for “r”
r=-1,0 (perfect and negative)
r=+1,0 (perfect but positive)
r=0 (no correlation)