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Neutralization Titrations
HCl
Standardization of acids
Sodium Carbonate
Frequently used
PS grade is available commercially
Can be obtained by heating to 270
300oC for 1 hr
Has two endpoints
1st: at pH 8.3 - to
2nd: at pH 3.8 - to
Boiled to eliminate carbonic acid to
destroy buffering effect
Titration is resumed after cooling
yielding to sharper endpoints
Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
(TRIS or THAM)
Rxn:
Greater mass/mole of proton
Na2B4O7H2O
Rxn
Standardization of Bases
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
(KHP, KHC8H4O4, [204.2])
An ideal PS, can be used without purification
High MW/mol H+
A strong acid
Can be titrated with any indicator with a
transition range b/n a pH of 4-10
Application
Elemental analysis
Kjeldahl Method determination of
organic nitrogen
Sample is decomposed in hot sulfuric acid (1
hr), and ammonia produced is condensed
and titrated with acid
Converts amino and amide groups to NH3,
but not nito, azo or azoxy groups and certain
aromatic heterocyclic compounds eg
pyridine
%protein = f*%N; f=6.25 for meats, 6.38 for
dairy, and 5.70 for cereal
Sulfur
Found in organic and biological materials
Sample is burned in a stream of oxygen
(SO2, SO3)
Collected in dilute H2O2:
H2SO4 is then ttd with std base
1st endpoint:
2nd endpoint:
(2 sources)
Carbonyl compounds
Aldehydes and ketones
Reacted with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride:
Problems